Nokea
Beta blockers have favorable effects on survival and disease progression in heart failure. Treatment should be initiated when the:
- A. Symptoms are severe
- B. Patient has not responded to other therapies
- C. Patient has concurrent hypertension
- D. Left ventricular dysfunction is diagnosed
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Beta blockers are initiated upon diagnosis of left ventricular dysfunction to improve outcomes.
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Lispro is an insulin analogue produced by recombinant DNA technology. Which of the following statements about this form of insulin is NOT true?
- A. Optimal time of preprandial injection is 15 minutes
- B. Duration of action is increased when the dose is increased
- C. It is compatible with neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin
- D. It has no pronounced peak
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Lispro's duration is fixed (3-5 hours), not dose-dependent; 15-minute timing , NPH compatibility , and peakless profile are true.
A nurse is ordered to infuse 1,500 mL of IV fluid over 12 hours using a drop factor of 15 gtt/mL. What is the flow rate in drops per minute?
- A. 31.25 gtt/min
- B. 33.33 gtt/min
- C. 41.67 gtt/min
- D. 62.5 gtt/min
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Flow rate = (1,500 mL 15 gtt/mL) ÷ (12 60) = 22,500 ÷ 720 = 31.25 gtt/min, exactly matching option A.
A pharmacology student asks the instructor what an accurate description of a drug agonist is. What is the instructor's best response?
- A. A drug that reacts with a receptor site on a cell preventing a reaction with another chemical on a different receptor site
- B. A drug that interferes with the enzyme systems that act as catalyst for different chemical reactions
- C. A drug that interacts directly with receptor sites to cause the same activity that a natural chemical would cause at that site
- D. A drug that reacts with receptor sites to block normal stimulation, producing no effect
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Agonists are drugs that produce effects similar to those produced by naturally occurring neurotransmitters, hormones, or other substances found in the body. Noncompetitive antagonists are drugs that react with some receptor sites preventing the reaction of another chemical with a different receptor site. Drug-enzyme interactions interfere with the enzyme systems that stimulate various chemical reactions.
Tom is taking lithium for bipolar disorder. He should be taught to:
- A. Take his lithium with food
- B. Eat a diet with consistent levels of salt (sodium)
- C. Drink at least 2 quarts of water if he is in a hot environment
- D. Monitor blood glucose levels
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Consistent sodium intake prevents fluctuations in lithium levels.
Which source contains information specific to nutritional supplements?
- A. USP Dictionary of USAN & International Drug Names
- B. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database
- C. United States Pharmacopoeia/National Formulary (USP NF)
- D. Drug Interaction Facts
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: United States Pharmacopoeia/National Formulary contains information specific to nutritional supplements. USP Dictionary of USAN & International Drug Names is a compilation of drug names, pronunciation guide, and possible future FDA approved drugs; it does not include nutritional supplements. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database contains evidence-based information on herbal medicines and herbal combination products; it does not include information specific to nutritional supplements. Drug Interaction Facts contains comprehensive information on drug interaction facts; it does not include nutritional supplements.