Nokea
Bile is produced by which organ and stored in the gallbladder until needed for digestion?
- A. Stomach
- B. Liver
- C. Pancreas
- D. Small intestine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Liver. The liver produces bile, which is a greenish-yellow fluid that helps in the digestion and absorption of fats. It is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine when needed. The stomach (A) produces gastric juices, not bile. The pancreas (C) produces digestive enzymes, but not bile. The small intestine (D) is where bile is released to aid in the digestion of fats, not where it is produced or stored.
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Which part of a tooth most closely resembles bone tissue?
- A. enamel
- B. cementum
- C. dentin
- D. gingiva
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: dentin. Dentin is the part of the tooth that closely resembles bone tissue because it is a hard, dense tissue similar to bone in composition and structure, providing support and protection to the tooth. Dentin is located beneath the enamel and cementum, forming the bulk of the tooth structure. Enamel (choice A) is the hardest tissue in the body but is not similar to bone tissue in composition. Cementum (choice B) is a hard tissue covering the roots of teeth but is not as similar to bone tissue as dentin. Gingiva (choice D) is the soft tissue that surrounds the teeth and is not similar to bone tissue.
Mucosa surface cell secretes mucous which provides a physical barrier between __ and __.
- A. Mucosa and Epithelium
- B. Lymph Vessel and lamina Propria
- C. Mucosa and Lumen
- D. Lumen and Epithelium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Mucosa and Lumen. The mucosa surface cell secretes mucus that forms a physical barrier between the mucosa (inner lining of a cavity or organ) and the lumen (inner space of a tubular structure). This barrier protects the underlying tissues from harmful substances in the lumen.
Choice A (Mucosa and Epithelium) is incorrect because the mucosa is part of the epithelium layer, so it would not make sense for the physical barrier to be between them.
Choice B (Lymph Vessel and Lamina Propria) is incorrect because these structures are not directly related to the secretion of mucus for protection.
Choice D (Lumen and Epithelium) is incorrect because the physical barrier created by the mucus is specifically between the mucosa cells and the lumen, not the epithelium itself.
To treat a cirrhotic patient with hepatic encephalopathy, lactulose (Cephulac), rifaximin (Xifaxan), and a proton pump inhibitor are ordere The patient's family wants to know why the laxative is ordere What is the best explanation the nurse can give to the patient's family?
- A. It reduces portal venous pressure.
- B. It eliminates blood from the GI tract.
- C. It traps ammonia and eliminates it in the feces.
- D. It decreases bacteria to decrease ammonia formation.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: "It traps ammonia and eliminates it in the feces." In hepatic encephalopathy, excessive ammonia levels lead to neurological symptoms. Lactulose works by acidifying the colon, converting ammonia to ammonium, trapping it, and promoting its excretion in feces. This reduces ammonia absorption, alleviating encephalopathy.
Explanation of other choices:
A: Incorrect. Lactulose does not directly reduce portal venous pressure.
B: Incorrect. Lactulose does not eliminate blood from the GI tract.
D: Incorrect. Lactulose does not directly decrease bacteria to reduce ammonia formation.
In summary, the nurse should explain to the patient's family that lactulose helps by trapping ammonia in the GI tract and facilitating its removal in the feces, thus reducing ammonia levels in the body and improving hepatic encephalopathy symptoms.
An excessive response or activity of T suppressor cells would most likely be associated with
- A. autoimmune disease
- B. cancer
- C. allergies
- D. graft rejection
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: cancer. T suppressor cells play a crucial role in regulating the immune response to prevent excessive activation, which can lead to the development of cancer. In cancer, T suppressor cells may become dysfunctional, allowing cancer cells to evade immune surveillance and proliferate. Autoimmune diseases (choice A) are more associated with a breakdown in immune tolerance, leading to an overactive immune response against self-antigens. Allergies (choice C) involve an exaggerated immune response to harmless substances, primarily driven by IgE antibodies and other immune cells, rather than T suppressor cells. Graft rejection (choice D) is typically mediated by T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells targeting foreign antigens present in transplanted tissues, rather than T suppressor cells.
In the colon, the teniae coli are bands of ______, which contract to form ______.
- A. fat; epiploic appendages
- B. longitudinal smooth muscle; haustra
- C. skeletal muscle; haustra
- D. smooth muscle; the internal anal sphincter
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the teniae coli are bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in the colon. These bands contract to form haustra, which are the pouches that give the colon its segmented appearance. Choice A is incorrect because fat and epiploic appendages are not involved in the contraction of the colon. Choice C is incorrect because the teniae coli are smooth muscle, not skeletal muscle. Choice D is incorrect because the internal anal sphincter is not formed by the contraction of the teniae coli.