Nokea
The _____ part of the stomach is the area that is connected to the esophagus.
- A. cardiac
- B. pyloric
- C. fundus
- D. body
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: cardiac. The cardiac part of the stomach is the region closest to the esophagus where food enters the stomach. It contains the cardiac sphincter, a muscular valve that regulates the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach. The other choices, pyloric, fundus, and body, are incorrect because the pyloric region connects the stomach to the small intestine, the fundus is the top portion of the stomach, and the body is the main central region of the stomach where most digestion occurs.
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Surface area of the stomach is increased by
- A. gastric pits.
- B. plicae circulares.
- C. villi.
- D. microvilli.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: gastric pits. Gastric pits are invaginations in the stomach lining that contain specialized cells for secretion of gastric juices. These pits increase the surface area of the stomach by providing a larger area for nutrient absorption and digestion. Plicae circulares are folds in the small intestine, not the stomach. Villi and microvilli are found in the small intestine and further increase surface area for absorption, not in the stomach.
A nurse is caring for a client who has just returned from the PACU after a traditional cholecystectomy. In which of the following positions should the nurse place the client?
- A. Prone
- B. Semi-Fowler's
- C. Supported Sims'
- D. Dorsal recumbent
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Semi-Fowler's position. After a traditional cholecystectomy, placing the client in a Semi-Fowler's position (head of the bed elevated at 30-45 degrees) helps promote lung expansion, improve breathing, and reduce the risk of aspiration. This position also helps with comfort and aids in preventing complications such as respiratory issues and surgical site complications.
A: Prone position is incorrect as it involves lying on the stomach and is not appropriate for a client after cholecystectomy due to the risk of putting pressure on the abdomen and surgical site.
C: Supported Sims' position is incorrect as it is typically used for rectal examinations or enemas, not for post-cholecystectomy care.
D: Dorsal recumbent position is incorrect as it involves lying on the back with knees flexed, which may not provide optimal support and comfort for a client post-cholecystectomy.
Which adult should the nurse plan to teach about risks associated with obesity?
- A. Man who has a BMI of 18 kg/m2
- B. Man with a 42 in waist and 44 in hips
- C. Woman who has a body mass index (BMI) of 24 kg/m2
- D. Woman with a waist circumference of 34 inches (86 cm)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because a waist circumference of 42 inches in men signifies abdominal obesity, which is a significant risk factor for health issues related to obesity. A high waist circumference indicates excess visceral fat, which is linked to heart disease and other health problems.
Choice A is incorrect because a BMI of 18 kg/m2 indicates underweight, not obesity.
Choice C is incorrect because a BMI of 24 kg/m2 falls within the healthy weight range, not indicating obesity.
Choice D is incorrect because a waist circumference of 34 inches in women is considered normal, not indicative of obesity.
Bile salts:
- A. Protein emulsifier.
- B. Are needed by pancreatic amylase for carbohydrate digestion.
- C. Are produced by the liver from cholesterol.
- D. Increase lipid surface tension.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bile salts are produced by the liver from cholesterol.
Rationale:
1. Bile salts aid in the emulsification and digestion of fats, not proteins (A).
2. Pancreatic amylase is responsible for carbohydrate digestion, not bile salts (B).
3. The liver synthesizes bile salts from cholesterol to facilitate fat digestion and absorption (C).
4. Bile salts reduce lipid surface tension to form micelles, aiding in fat digestion, rather than increasing it (D).
Which of these structures is responsible for the production of bile?
- A. pancreas
- B. liver
- C. gallbladder
- D. small intestine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: liver. The liver is responsible for the production of bile, which is a greenish-yellow fluid that aids in digestion by emulsifying fats. Bile is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder (not produced by it). The pancreas produces digestive enzymes, not bile. The small intestine is where bile is released to help with the digestion of fats, but it is not responsible for its production. Therefore, the liver is the correct answer as it is the primary organ involved in bile production.