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The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) includes all of the following, EXCEPT:
- A. esophagus
- B. liver
- C. stomach
- D. small intestine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: liver. The liver is not part of the gastrointestinal tract. The GI tract consists of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine, where digestion and absorption of nutrients occur. The liver is an accessory organ that aids in digestion by producing bile but is not part of the tract itself. The liver is involved in detoxification, storage of nutrients, and production of important proteins, but it does not play a direct role in the digestion process. Therefore, the liver is the correct answer.
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To treat a cirrhotic patient with hepatic encephalopathy, lactulose (Cephulac), rifaximin (Xifaxan), and a proton pump inhibitor are ordere The patient's family wants to know why the laxative is ordere What is the best explanation the nurse can give to the patient's family?
- A. It reduces portal venous pressure.
- B. It eliminates blood from the GI tract.
- C. It traps ammonia and eliminates it in the feces.
- D. It decreases bacteria to decrease ammonia formation.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: "It traps ammonia and eliminates it in the feces." In hepatic encephalopathy, excessive ammonia levels lead to neurological symptoms. Lactulose works by acidifying the colon, converting ammonia to ammonium, trapping it, and promoting its excretion in feces. This reduces ammonia absorption, alleviating encephalopathy.
Explanation of other choices:
A: Incorrect. Lactulose does not directly reduce portal venous pressure.
B: Incorrect. Lactulose does not eliminate blood from the GI tract.
D: Incorrect. Lactulose does not directly decrease bacteria to reduce ammonia formation.
In summary, the nurse should explain to the patient's family that lactulose helps by trapping ammonia in the GI tract and facilitating its removal in the feces, thus reducing ammonia levels in the body and improving hepatic encephalopathy symptoms.
The di- and tripeptides are transported in the enterocytes by peptide transporter 1 that requires:-
- A. Na+
- B. Ca++
- C. H+
- D. Cl-
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: H+. Peptide transporter 1 requires a proton gradient for the active transport of di- and tripeptides across the enterocytes. This proton gradient is maintained by the H+ ions. Na+ (Choice A), Ca++ (Choice B), and Cl- (Choice D) are not directly involved in the transport of di- and tripeptides by peptide transporter 1. Na+ is primarily involved in glucose and amino acid transport, Ca++ in bone formation and muscle contraction, and Cl- in maintaining osmotic balance. Therefore, the correct answer is H+ as it is crucial for the functioning of peptide transporter 1.
Bile salts:
- A. Protein emulsifier.
- B. Are needed by pancreatic amylase for carbohydrate digestion.
- C. Are produced by the liver from cholesterol.
- D. Increase lipid surface tension.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bile salts are produced by the liver from cholesterol.
Rationale:
1. Bile salts aid in the emulsification and digestion of fats, not proteins (A).
2. Pancreatic amylase is responsible for carbohydrate digestion, not bile salts (B).
3. The liver synthesizes bile salts from cholesterol to facilitate fat digestion and absorption (C).
4. Bile salts reduce lipid surface tension to form micelles, aiding in fat digestion, rather than increasing it (D).
The intestinal flora is:
- A. Mainly viruses
- B. Mainly found in the duodenum
- C. Needed for normal digestion
- D. Mainly found in the colon
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Mainly found in the colon. Intestinal flora, also known as gut microbiota, is primarily located in the colon. This is because the colon provides an ideal environment for the growth and survival of the diverse array of beneficial bacteria that make up the intestinal flora. These bacteria play a crucial role in various physiological functions, such as digestion, immune system regulation, and vitamin production. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because intestinal flora are predominantly bacteria (not viruses), are not solely located in the duodenum but throughout the gastrointestinal tract, and are essential for normal digestion, not just needed.
A nurse is doing a nursing assessment on a patient with chronic constipation. What data obtained during the interview may be a factor contributing to the constipation?
- A. Taking methylcellulose (Citrucel) daily
- B. History of hemorrhoids and hypertension
- C. High dietary fiber with high fluid intake
- D. Suppressing the urge to defecate while at work
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Suppressing the urge to defecate while at work. This behavior can lead to chronic constipation as it disrupts the natural bowel movement process. By holding in the urge to defecate, the stool can become harder and more difficult to pass, leading to constipation.
A: Taking methylcellulose daily is a form of fiber supplement that can actually help alleviate constipation by adding bulk to the stool and promoting regular bowel movements.
B: History of hemorrhoids and hypertension may be relevant to the patient's health but are not direct contributors to constipation.
C: High dietary fiber with high fluid intake is actually beneficial in preventing constipation by promoting healthy bowel movements.