Nokea
Salivary secretion:
- A. Starts digestion of carbohydrates.
- B. is under control of secretin hormone.
- C. Starts digestion of proteins.
- D. is highly acidic.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because salivary secretion contains enzymes like amylase that start the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth. This enzyme breaks down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because salivary secretion is not directly controlled by secretin hormone, does not start the digestion of proteins, and is not highly acidic. Salivary secretion primarily aids in the initial breakdown of carbohydrates, preparing them for further digestion in the stomach and intestines.
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Which organ produces bile?
- A. Pancreas
- B. Gallbladder
- C. Liver
- D. Stomach
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Liver. The liver produces bile, which plays a crucial role in digestion by breaking down fats. The pancreas (A) produces digestive enzymes, not bile. The gallbladder (B) stores bile produced by the liver but does not produce it. The stomach (D) produces gastric juices, not bile. Therefore, the liver is the only organ that produces bile, making it the correct answer.
What is the function of the enteric nervous system?
- A. controlling voluntary movements
- B. regulating hormone secretion
- C. controlling digestion independently of the brain
- D. controlling respiratory functions
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the enteric nervous system is a complex network of neurons that controls digestion independently of the brain. It regulates gastrointestinal functions such as peristalsis, secretion of digestive enzymes, and blood flow. This system can operate autonomously but is also influenced by the central nervous system. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the enteric nervous system is not responsible for controlling voluntary movements, regulating hormone secretion, or controlling respiratory functions.
Which adult should the nurse plan to teach about risks associated with obesity?
- A. Man who has a BMI of 18 kg/m2
- B. Man with a 42 in waist and 44 in hips
- C. Woman who has a body mass index (BMI) of 24 kg/m2
- D. Woman with a waist circumference of 34 inches (86 cm)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because a waist circumference of 42 inches in men signifies abdominal obesity, which is a significant risk factor for health issues related to obesity. A high waist circumference indicates excess visceral fat, which is linked to heart disease and other health problems.
Choice A is incorrect because a BMI of 18 kg/m2 indicates underweight, not obesity.
Choice C is incorrect because a BMI of 24 kg/m2 falls within the healthy weight range, not indicating obesity.
Choice D is incorrect because a waist circumference of 34 inches in women is considered normal, not indicative of obesity.
In the small intestine, movement of chyme is regulated primarily by
- A. secretin and cholecystokinin.
- B. the parasympathetic nervous system via the vagus nerve.
- C. local and mechanical stimulation.
- D. the enterogastric reflex caused by pressure of irritating substances in the colon.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: local and mechanical stimulation. In the small intestine, movement of chyme is primarily regulated by local and mechanical stimulation, which triggers peristalsis and segmentation. This allows for the mixing and propulsion of chyme along the digestive tract.
A: Secretin and cholecystokinin are hormones involved in regulating pancreatic and gallbladder secretions, not movement of chyme in the small intestine.
B: The parasympathetic nervous system via the vagus nerve plays a role in stimulating digestive processes but is not the primary regulator of movement of chyme.
D: The enterogastric reflex is related to regulating stomach emptying in response to irritating substances, not movement of chyme in the small intestine.
The intestinal flora is:
- A. Mainly viruses
- B. Mainly found in the duodenum
- C. Needed for normal digestion
- D. Mainly found in the colon
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Mainly found in the colon. Intestinal flora, also known as gut microbiota, is primarily located in the colon. This is because the colon provides an ideal environment for the growth and survival of the diverse array of beneficial bacteria that make up the intestinal flora. These bacteria play a crucial role in various physiological functions, such as digestion, immune system regulation, and vitamin production. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because intestinal flora are predominantly bacteria (not viruses), are not solely located in the duodenum but throughout the gastrointestinal tract, and are essential for normal digestion, not just needed.