Nokea
Blood calcium is elevated:
- A. in rickets.
- B. in pseudohypoparathyroidism.
- C. by calcitonin.
- D. by Vitamin D3
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Blood calcium levels are primarily regulated by the actions of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and Vitamin D. Vitamin D plays a crucial role in maintaining calcium balance in the body by promoting the absorption of calcium from the intestines. When blood calcium levels are low, Vitamin D works to increase absorption of calcium to raise the levels back to normal. Therefore, elevated blood calcium levels are commonly associated with excess Vitamin D intake or conditions that increase Vitamin D levels, such as hypervitaminosis D.
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Cortisol secretion is directly stimulated by:
- A. Aldosterone
- B. Prolactin
- C. ACTH
- D. CRH
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cortisol secretion is directly stimulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which is produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus. ACTH acts on the adrenal cortex to stimulate the production and release of cortisol. Aldosterone is another hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, but it is not directly involved in the stimulation of cortisol secretion. Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that plays a role in lactation, not cortisol secretion. High blood potassium levels can stimulate aldosterone secretion but do not directly stimulate cortisol secretion.
Hypocalcemia is produced by all except:
- A. Hysterical hypoventilation
- B. Acute pancreatitis
- C. Chronic renal failure
- D. Osteomalacia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Osteomalacia is a condition in which there is a softening of the bones due to a deficiency in vitamin D or calcium. It is not a cause of hypocalcemia, as it is a result of low levels of calcium in the bloodstream. The other options listed are potential causes of hypocalcemia:
Postmenopausal estrogen therapy has been shown to increase a female's risk of all the following clinical outcomes except:
- A. Breast cancer
- B. Hip fracture
- C. Myocardial infarction
- D. Venous thromboembolism Endocrine Answers 1 C 26 B 51 D 76 B 2 C 27 A 52 A 77 C 3 B 28 C 53 B 78 D 4 B 29 D 54 B 79 D 5 C 30 B 55 C 80 C 6 A 31 B 56 C 81 C 7 A 32 D 57 B 82 A 8 B 33 D 58 C 83 C 9 C 34 C 59 A 84 B 10 C 35 C 60 A 85 A 11 B 36 A 61 B 86 B 12 A 37 D 62 A 87 D 13 B 38 B 63 A 88 A 14 C 39 D 64 B 89 C 15 D 40 A 65 B 90 A 16 D 41 D 66 D 91 D 17 A 42 D 67 A 92 B 18 C 43 D 68 C 93 A 19 A 44 B 69 A 94 A 20 B 45 B 70 A 95 A 21 A 46 A 71 A 96 D 22 B 47 C 72 B 97 D 23 B 48 A 73 D 98 B 24 B 49 D 74 B 99 D 25 B 50 C 75 D 100 B
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Postmenopausal estrogen therapy has been shown to have a protective effect on bone density and reduce the risk of osteoporosis-related fractures, including hip fractures. Estrogen therapy helps to maintain bone strength and reduce the chances of fractures in postmenopausal women. Therefore, estrogen therapy does not increase the risk of hip fractures; in fact, it may decrease the risk of hip fractures in this population.
Thyrotoxicosis may be featured by all except:
- A. Myopathy
- B. Pretibial myxoedema
- C. Hypernatraemia
- D. Atrial fibrillation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Thyrotoxicosis, also known as hyperthyroidism, is a condition characterized by excessive thyroid hormone production by the thyroid gland. Symptoms of thyrotoxicosis can include weight loss, heat intolerance, tremors, hyperactivity, and fatigue. While musculoskeletal symptoms such as weakness and tremors are common in thyrotoxicosis, true myopathy (muscle disease) is not a typical feature of the condition. Therefore, myopathy is the correct choice among the given options.
All the following are risk factors for the development of osteoporotic fractures except
- A. African race
- B. Current cigarette smoking
- C. Female sex
- D. Physical inactivity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: While African race is considered a protective factor against the development of osteoporosis due to higher peak bone mass and lower fracture rates compared to other races, the other factors listed (current cigarette smoking, female sex, and physical inactivity) are all established risk factors for the development of osteoporotic fractures. African-American individuals, in general, have a lower risk of osteoporosis and fractures compared to Caucasians and Asians.