Nokea
Which of the following hormones are produced in the anterior pituitary gland?
- A. Oxytocin
- B. Prolactin
- C. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
- D. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is one of the hormones produced in the anterior pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary gland secretes several hormones that regulate various functions in the body. FSH plays a crucial role in both males and females. In females, FSH stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles, which contain the eggs. In males, FSH is essential for the production of sperm in the testes. The production and release of FSH are regulated by the hypothalamus and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
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Which one of the following statements is true regarding the prevalence of acromegaly?
- A. Acromegaly affects a similar number of men and women
- B. Acromegaly affects twice as many women than men
- C. Acromegaly affects twice as many men than it does women
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Acromegaly is a rare hormonal disorder where excess growth hormone is produced, leading to the enlargement of bones and tissues. The prevalence of acromegaly is higher in men compared to women, with a ratio of about two men affected for every woman. This gender difference is believed to be due to the impact of sex hormones on the development and progression of the condition. While acromegaly can affect both men and women, men are more commonly diagnosed with the disorder.
All of the following are featured by dermal hyperpigmentation except:
- A. Conn's syndrome
- B. Bronchogenic carcinoma
- C. Addison's disease
- D. Haemochromatosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Dermal hyperpigmentation, also known as hyperpigmentation of the skin, is commonly associated with conditions such as Addison's disease, hemochromatosis, and bronchogenic carcinoma. In Addison's disease, there is increased production of melanin due to elevated levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which stimulates melanocytes. Hemochromatosis can cause hyperpigmentation due to excess iron deposits in the skin. Bronchogenic carcinoma can lead to a condition known as acanthosis nigricans, characterized by dark, velvety discoloration of the skin primarily around the neck and armpits. However, Conn's syndrome, which is a primary aldosteronism resulting from an adrenal adenoma or hyperplasia, is not typically associated with dermal hyperpigmentation.
Which of the following is not a symptom of Cushing's syndrome?
- A. Easy bruising
- B. Weight gain
- C. Acne
- D. Weight loss
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Weight gain is a common symptom of Cushing's syndrome due to the excessive production of cortisol, a hormone that regulates metabolism and fat storage. The other symptoms listed, such as easy bruising, acne, and stretch marks, are also characteristic features of Cushing's syndrome. However, weight loss is typically not associated with this condition. In fact, individuals with Cushing's syndrome often experience unexplained and rapid weight gain, especially in the face, abdomen, and upper back (resulting in a characteristic "buffalo hump" appearance), rather than weight loss.
Commonest cause of 'ambiguous genitalia' in newborn is:
- A. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- B. True hermaphroditism
- C. Testicular ferminisation syndrome
- D. Pseudo-hermaphroditism
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is the most common cause of ambiguous genitalia in newborns. This condition is due to a deficiency of enzymes in the adrenal gland that are necessary for the production of cortisol. As a result, the body produces excess androgens (masculinizing hormones), leading to abnormal genital development in females. The external genitalia may appear ambiguous, with features of both male and female genitalia. This condition can be detected through newborn screening and confirmed through further hormonal and genetic testing. Treatment involves hormone replacement therapy to normalize hormone levels and surgery may be required to reconstruct the genitalia.
Hypocalcemia is produced by all except:
- A. Hysterical hypoventilation
- B. Acute pancreatitis
- C. Chronic renal failure
- D. Osteomalacia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Osteomalacia is a condition in which there is a softening of the bones due to a deficiency in vitamin D or calcium. It is not a cause of hypocalcemia, as it is a result of low levels of calcium in the bloodstream. The other options listed are potential causes of hypocalcemia: