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By which age should the nurse expect that an infant will be able to pull to a standing position?
- A. 5 to 6 months
- B. 7 to 8 months
- C. 11 to 12 months
- D. 14 to 15 months
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Most infants can pull themselves to a standing position at age 9 months. Infants who are not able to pull themselves to standing by age 11 to 12 months should be further evaluated for developmental dysplasia of the hip. At 6 months, infants have just obtained coordination of arms and legs. By age 8 months, infants can bear full weight on their legs.
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Which intervention is the most appropriate recommendation for relief of teething pain?
- A. Rub gums with aspirin to relieve inflammation.
- B. Apply hydrogen peroxide to gums to relieve irritation.
- C. Give the infant a frozen teething ring to relieve inflammation.
- D. Have the infant chew on a warm teething ring to encourage tooth eruption.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Teething pain is a result of inflammation, and cold is soothing. A frozen teething ring or ice cube wrapped in a washcloth helps relieve the inflammation. Aspirin is contraindicated secondary to the risks of aspiration. Hydrogen peroxide does not have an anti-inflammatory effect. Warmth increases inflammation.
The nurse is interviewing the father of a 10-month-old girl. The child is playing on the floor when she notices an electrical outlet and reaches up to touch it. Her father says no firmly and moves her away from the outlet. The nurse should use this opportunity to teach the father what?
- A. That the child should be given a time-out
- B. That the child is old enough to understand the word no
- C. That the child will learn safety issues better if she is spanked
- D. That the child should already know that electrical outlets are dangerous
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: By age 10 months, children are able to associate meaning with words. The father is using both verbal and physical cues to alert the child to dangerous situations. A time-out is not appropriate. The child is just learning about the environment. Physical discipline should be avoided. The 10-month-old child is too young to understand the purpose of an electrical outlet.
At which age should the nurse expect most infants to begin to say mama and dada with meaning?
- A. 4 months
- B. 6 months
- C. 10 months
- D. 14 months
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Beginning at about age 10 months, an infant is able to ascribe meaning to the words mama and dada. Four to 6 months is too young for this behavior to develop. At 14 months, the child should be able to attach meaning to these words. By age 1 year, the child can say three to five words with meaning and understand as many as 100 words.
What information should be given to the parents of a 12-month-old child regarding appropriate play activities for this age?
- A. Give large push-pull toys for kinetic stimulation.
- B. Place a cradle gym across the crib to help develop fine motor skills.
- C. Provide the child with finger paints to enhance fine motor skills.
- D. Provide a stick horse to develop gross motor coordination.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A 12-month-old child is able to pull to a stand and walk holding on or independently. Appropriate toys for this age child include large push-pull toys for kinetic stimulation. A cradle gym should not be placed across the crib. Finger paints are appropriate for older children. A 12-month-old child does not have the stability to use a stick horse.
At which age can most infants sit steadily unsupported?
- A. 4 months
- B. 6 months
- C. 8 months
- D. 12 months
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Sitting erect without support is a developmental milestone usually achieved by 8 months. At age 4 months, an infant can sit with support. At age 6 months, the infant will maintain a sitting position if propped. By 10 months, the infant can maneuver from a prone to a sitting position.