Nokea
Calculate the percentage decline in the death rate for all causes. What generalizations can be made about changes in disease rates between 1900 and the present?
- A. Death rates declined significantly due to advancements in healthcare.
- B. Death rates increased due to population growth.
- C. Death rates remained constant despite medical advancements.
- D. Death rates fluctuated without clear trends.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Death rates have declined significantly since 1900 due to improvements in healthcare, sanitation, and living conditions.
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Identify the type of study design described: Fifteen hundred adult men who worked for Lockheed Aircraft were initially examined in 1951 and were classified by diagnostic criteria for coronary artery disease. Every three years they have been reexamined for new cases of the disease; attack rates in different subgroups have been computed annually.
- A. Cohort study
- B. Case-control study
- C. Cross-sectional study
- D. Ecological study
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: This ongoing follow-up represents a cohort study monitoring disease incidence.
Hottest year was
- A. 2001
- B. 2002
- C. 2003
- D. 2004
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The year 2003 was recorded as one of the hottest years globally due to climate change impacts.
The hallmark feature of an analytic epidemiologic study is:
- A. Use of an appropriate comparison group
- B. Laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis
- C. Publication in a peer-reviewed journal
- D. Statistical analysis using logistic regression
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The key feature of analytic studies is the use of a comparison group to assess associations.
A wide range of values can be plotted and seen clearly, regardless of magnitude
- A. Arithmetic-scale line graph
- B. Semilogarithmic-scale line graph
- C. Both
- D. Neither
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Semilogarithmic-scale line graphs accommodate wide value ranges effectively.
UNFPA established in
- A. 1969
- B. 1954
- C. 1949
- D. 1974
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) was established in 1969.