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Can bacterial plaque metabolize sucrose, lactose, and fructose? Is fructose, also known as levulose and found naturally in honey, less cariogenic than sucrose and lactose?
- A. Yes, bacterial plaque can metabolize these sugars, but no, fructose is not less cariogenic.
- B. No, bacterial plaque cannot metabolize these sugars, and fructose is not less cariogenic.
- C. Yes, bacterial plaque can metabolize these sugars, but no, fructose is not less cariogenic.
- D. No, bacterial plaque cannot metabolize these sugars, but yes, fructose is less cariogenic.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The first statement is correct as bacterial plaque can indeed metabolize sucrose, lactose, and fructose. However, the second statement is inaccurate. Fructose, despite being found naturally in honey and known also as levulose, is not less cariogenic than either sucrose or lactose. This means that its consumption does not result in fewer cavities or tooth decay. Therefore, the correct answer is that bacterial plaque can metabolize these sugars, but fructose is not less cariogenic. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they either wrongly assert that bacterial plaque cannot metabolize these sugars or wrongly claim that fructose is less cariogenic.
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When is Prevident indicated?
- A. High caries risk
- B. Crown and bridge work
- C. Orthodontic decalcification
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Prevident is indicated for all the situations listed in the choices. It is recommended for patients with a high risk of caries to reduce the risk of tooth decay. It is also used in dental procedures like crown and bridge work to strengthen enamel and prevent cavities. Furthermore, it is utilized for orthodontic decalcification to aid in remineralizing the tooth structure and prevent further damage. Therefore, the correct answer is 'All of the above.' While choices A, B, and C are individually correct, selecting 'All of the above' is the most appropriate as it encompasses all the possible indications for Prevident.
Which team member works with the client to evaluate the need for special feeding devices and then teaches the client how to use the device?
- A. dietitian
- B. speech-language pathologist
- C. dietetic technician
- D. occupational therapist
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: An occupational therapist is the team member who works with the client to evaluate the need for special feeding devices and teaches the client how to use them. Occupational therapists specialize in helping individuals with physical or cognitive impairments to perform daily activities. In this scenario, the need for special feeding devices may be due to impaired motor function or disability, making the occupational therapist the correct choice. The other options, dietitian, speech-language pathologist, and dietetic technician, do not typically specialize in evaluating the need for feeding devices or teaching clients how to use them.
What nutrition-related side effect is most likely to occur after head and neck surgery for cancer treatment?
- A. Aspiration
- B. Acid reflux
- C. Dumping syndrome
- D. Diarrhea
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The most likely nutrition-related side effect after head and neck surgery for cancer treatment is aspiration. This is due to changes in swallowing mechanics, which can cause food or liquids to be inhaled into the lungs. While acid reflux, dumping syndrome, and diarrhea are potential side effects related to nutrition, they are not as directly connected to head and neck surgery. Acid reflux is more often related to issues with the lower esophageal sphincter, dumping syndrome is typically a complication of gastric surgery, and diarrhea can have various causes, including certain medications or gastrointestinal illnesses.
What is the digestive action of lipase?
- A. It breaks down carbohydrates
- B. It breaks down proteins
- C. It breaks down lipids
- D. It aids in fat digestion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Lipase is an enzyme that specifically breaks down lipids (fats) during the process of digestion, converting them into fatty acids and glycerol. This is why option C is the correct answer. Although option D is partially correct, it's less specific than option C. Lipase does not break down carbohydrates or proteins, so options A and B are incorrect.
Which vitamin is primarily obtained from sunlight exposure?
- A. Vitamin A
- B. Vitamin C
- C. Vitamin D
- D. Vitamin E
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is Vitamin D. Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight. This process allows the body to produce Vitamin D naturally. Vitamin A (Choice A) is found in foods like liver and carrots and is not primarily obtained from sunlight. Vitamin C (Choice B) is commonly found in fruits and vegetables. Vitamin E (Choice D) is present in foods like nuts and seeds and is not primarily obtained from sunlight.