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Which of the following statements are correct?
- A. Lipids are transported in the blood as lipoproteins, which are clusters of lipids associated with proteins.
- B. In type II diabetes, the pancreas produces insulin, but cells are resistant to this signal.
- C. The glycemic index classifies foods based on their potential to raise blood glucose levels.
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Option A is correct because lipoproteins indeed transport lipids in the blood. They are complexes of lipids and proteins that transport water-insoluble lipids through the blood. Option B is correct as it accurately describes the condition of type II diabetes where the pancreas can produce insulin, but the cells are resistant to its signal, causing an ineffective regulation of blood sugar. Option C is also correct because the glycemic index is indeed a classification system for foods based on their potential to raise blood glucose levels. High glycemic index foods raise blood glucose levels faster than low glycemic index foods. Hence, all the statements are correct, making option D the correct answer.
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Is the loss of teeth or supporting periodontium often associated with poor food selection and limited chewing ability, and do the patients' masticatory efficiency and biting force decline with each tooth lost?
- A. Both statements are true
- B. Both statements are false
- C. The first statement is true; the second is false
- D. The first statement is false; the second is true
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Both statements are indeed true. The loss of teeth or supporting periodontium frequently leads to poor food selection and limited chewing ability, as these conditions can make certain foods difficult to consume. Additionally, a patient's masticatory efficiency and biting force do decline with each tooth lost, as there are fewer teeth to distribute the force of the bite. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they suggest that one or both of these statements are false, which is not the case.
What would a diet manual most likely contain?
- A. Procedures for disinfecting cooking surfaces
- B. Staff sanitation guidelines
- C. Information on specific patients' resting metabolic rates
- D. Specific food preparation methods
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A diet manual typically contains guidance on specific food preparation methods to ensure proper nutrition and health for individuals following the diet. Therefore, choice D is correct. Choices A and B refer to sanitation procedures and staff hygiene issues, which are important but not typically the focus of a diet manual. Choice C, regarding specific patients' resting metabolic rates, is too individualized and detailed for a general diet manual, as it would be part of a personalized dietary plan developed with a healthcare professional.
Which gluten-free food choice would be most appropriate for a patient with celiac disease?
- A. Scalloped potatoes
- B. Oatmeal
- C. Eggs
- D. Tortillas
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Eggs are a safe food choice for individuals with celiac disease as they are naturally gluten-free. Scalloped potatoes often contain flour in the sauce, which might contain gluten. Oatmeal can be a subject of debate due to possible cross-contamination during processing, so it might not be safe unless labeled gluten-free. Tortillas are typically made from wheat flour containing gluten, but gluten-free versions are available. However, eggs are universally gluten-free, making them the best choice for individuals with celiac disease.
In a patient with liver cirrhosis, weight gain due to fluid retention can mask the symptoms of what condition?
- A. Liver failure
- B. Gallbladder disease
- C. Heart failure
- D. Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In a patient with liver cirrhosis, weight gain due to fluid retention can mask Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) symptoms. This can lead to an increase in weight, making it challenging to identify weight loss or muscle wasting associated with PEM. Therefore, option D is correct. Options A, B, and C are incorrect because fluid retention and weight gain related to liver cirrhosis do not necessarily hide the symptoms of liver failure, gallbladder disease, or heart failure.
An advance directive known as a durable power of attorney involves appointing another person called a(n) _____ to act as the decision maker in the event of the patient's incapacitation.
- A. witness
- B. primary caregiver
- C. health care agent
- D. state proxy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is 'health care agent.' A health care agent is appointed through a durable power of attorney to make medical decisions on behalf of a patient who becomes incapacitated. The term 'witness' (choice A) is incorrect because a witness only observes the signing of the directive and does not make decisions. 'Primary caregiver' (choice B) is also incorrect as they may provide care but are not necessarily legally empowered to make decisions. 'State proxy' (choice D) is not commonly used in the context of advance directives or health care decision making, making it an incorrect choice.