Nokea
Carbon monoxide
- A. has a very low affinity or attraction to hemoglobin.
- B. is unlikely to be transported by the circulatory system.
- C. is not the cause of death of people who breathe excessive amounts of automobile exhausts.
- D. can arise from cigarette smoke
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because carbon monoxide can indeed arise from cigarette smoke due to incomplete combustion of tobacco. This is supported by scientific evidence. Carbon monoxide has a high affinity for hemoglobin, so choice A is incorrect. It can be transported by the circulatory system, making choice B incorrect. Breathing excessive amounts of automobile exhaust containing carbon monoxide can lead to death, making choice C incorrect.
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Which of the following are risk factors of laryngeal cancer?
- A. Acute laryngitis
- B. Tobacco use
- C. Caffeine use
- D. Sleep apnea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Tobacco use is a well-established risk factor for laryngeal cancer. A (acute laryngitis) is a temporary condition and not a risk factor. C (caffeine use) has no proven link to laryngeal cancer. D (sleep apnea) is unrelated.
You are up very high where barometric pressure is 447 mmHg. What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the air up there?
- A. 0.5 mmHg
- B. 40 mmHg
- C. 80 mmHg
- D. 120 mmHg
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C (80 mmHg) because the partial pressure of oxygen in the air is directly proportional to the percentage of oxygen in the air. In the atmosphere, oxygen makes up approximately 21% of the air. Therefore, to calculate the partial pressure of oxygen, you would multiply the total barometric pressure by the percentage of oxygen (0.21). So, 447 mmHg x 0.21 = 94.07 mmHg. This is the partial pressure of oxygen at sea level. To find the partial pressure of oxygen at a higher altitude, you would consider the decrease in total barometric pressure. At 447 mmHg, the partial pressure of oxygen would be around 80 mmHg.
Summary:
A: Incorrect because it is too low.
B: Incorrect because it is too low.
D: Incorrect because it is too high.
In which part of respiratory system gaseous exchange takes place?
- A. alveoli
- B. pharynx
- C. larynx
- D. Trachea
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: alveoli. Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen from the air we breathe diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses into the alveoli to be exhaled. The pharynx, larynx, and trachea are parts of the respiratory system but do not participate in gaseous exchange. The pharynx serves as a passage for air and food, the larynx houses the vocal cords, and the trachea carries air to and from the lungs. Only the alveoli have the thin walls and large surface area necessary for efficient exchange of gases.
Which metal ion is often present in the active site of carbonic anhydrase enzymes?
- A. Iron (Fe)
- B. Calcium (Ca)
- C. Zinc (Zn)
- D. Magnesium (Mg)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Zinc (Zn). Zinc is often present in the active site of carbonic anhydrase enzymes because it plays a crucial role in catalyzing the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and protons. Zinc ions have the appropriate coordination geometry and charge to facilitate this reaction efficiently. Iron (Fe) is not typically found in the active site of carbonic anhydrase enzymes. Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg) do not have the appropriate properties to serve as the catalytic metal ion in this enzyme. Therefore, zinc (Zn) is the correct answer due to its specific role and properties in the catalytic mechanism of carbonic anhydrase enzymes.
The nurse is teaching a male client with chronic bronchitis about breathing exercises. Which of the following should the nurse include in the teaching?
- A. Make inhalation longer than exhalation.
- B. Exhale through an open mouth.
- C. Use diaphragmatic breathing.
- D. Use chest breathing.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Use diaphragmatic breathing. Diaphragmatic breathing involves using the diaphragm to breathe deeply, allowing more air to enter the lungs and improving oxygenation. This is beneficial for clients with chronic bronchitis as it helps improve lung function and efficiency. Making inhalation longer than exhalation (Choice A) may lead to hyperventilation. Exhaling through an open mouth (Choice B) can lead to loss of carbon dioxide. Using chest breathing (Choice D) is less efficient and can exacerbate breathing difficulties in clients with chronic bronchitis. Diaphragmatic breathing is the most effective technique for improving breathing and should be emphasized in teaching.