Carcinoid tumor, Is tumor of:
- A. Parietal cells
- B. Enteroendocrine APUD cells
- C. Zymogen cell
- D. Paneth cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Carcinoid tumors arise from enteroendocrine (APUD) cells, which secrete hormones like serotonin.
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Saliva contains two enzymes. What are they?
- A. Amylase and pepsin
- B. Amylase and lysozyme
- C. Amylase and lipase
- D. Amylase and renin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Saliva contains salivary amylase (ptyalin) for starch digestion and lysozyme for antibacterial action. Pepsin is in the stomach, lipase is mainly pancreatic, and renin is unrelated to saliva.
Match: Disaccharide
- A. a sugar composed of two monosaccharides
- B. stored form of energy
- C. used in DNA synthesis
- D. component of cell membranes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Disaccharides, like sucrose, consist of two monosaccharides linked together and are broken down into simpler sugars during digestion.
A 55-year-old male presents with a history of recurring episodes of gastric pain, particularly after meals. He describes the pain as a burning sensation in the upper abdomen, which improves with antiacid use. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy reveals erosions in the duodenal mucosa. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
- A. Gastric ulcer
- B. Duodenal ulcer
- C. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
- D. Gastric adenocarcinoma
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Duodenal ulcers typically present with burning epigastric pain after meals, relieved by antacids, and are associated with mucosal erosions in the duodenum, as seen on endoscopy.
Which layer of GI tract forms the innermost lining and continuously secretes mucus?
- A. serosa
- B. muscularis externa
- C. muscularis mucosa
- D. mucosa
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The mucosa is the innermost layer of the GI tract, lined with epithelial cells that secrete mucus to protect the tract and lubricate food passage.
Surface epithelium of gastric mucosa:
- A. Secretes acidic mucous to form a protective gel
- B. Secretes neutral to alkaline mucus rich in bicarbonate to form a protective gel
- C. Shows basal basophilia & apical acidophilia
- D. Have pale cytoplasm & flattened basal nuclei
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The gastric surface epithelium secretes neutral to alkaline mucus with bicarbonate to protect the mucosa from acid and pepsin.