Nokea
Cardiac output
- A. coronary insufficient circulation
- B. A defect in one or more heart valves
- C. Disorder in a heartbeat
- D. Amount of blood/minute pumped into systemic circuit
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because cardiac output refers to the amount of blood pumped by the heart into the systemic circulation per minute. It is a crucial measure of heart function. Option A, coronary insufficient circulation, specifically refers to inadequate blood flow to the heart muscle itself, not overall cardiac output. Option B, a defect in heart valves, would affect the efficiency of blood flow but not necessarily the total amount of blood pumped. Option C, a disorder in heart rhythm, relates to irregular heartbeat patterns rather than the volume of blood pumped. Therefore, D is the correct choice as it directly relates to the definition of cardiac output.
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What type of cell is responsible for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body?
- A. Red blood cell
- B. White blood cell
- C. Platelet
- D. Hematocrit
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Red blood cell. Red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, contain hemoglobin that binds to oxygen and carbon dioxide for transport in the bloodstream. They are specifically designed for gas exchange. White blood cells (B) are part of the immune system and fight infections. Platelets (C) are responsible for blood clotting. Hematocrit (D) refers to the proportion of red blood cells in the blood, not a specific type of cell responsible for gas transport.
What term describes the increased affinity of antibodies during a secondary response?
- A. Isotype switching
- B. Affinity maturation
- C. Somatic recombination
- D. Clonal expansion
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Affinity maturation. During a secondary immune response, B cells undergo somatic hypermutation, leading to the production of antibodies with higher affinity for the antigen. This process occurs in germinal centers within secondary lymphoid organs. Isotype switching (A) refers to the change in antibody class but not affinity. Somatic recombination (C) is the process of creating diverse antibody repertoires. Clonal expansion (D) involves the proliferation of antigen-specific B cells but does not directly address affinity enhancement.
Which of the following statements about M cells is incorrect?
- A. M cells are found in Peyer's patches in the small intestine
- B. M cells are specialized epithelial cells
- C. M' stands for microfold as these cells show small folds on their luminal side rather than microvilli
- D. They specialize in the transport by transcytosis of IgA from the lamina propria (the tissue immediately below the gut lining) into the intestinal lumen
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because M cells do not transport IgA from the lamina propria into the intestinal lumen. Instead, they transport antigens and pathogens from the gut lumen to underlying immune cells. Choice A is correct as M cells are found in Peyer's patches. Choice B is correct as M cells are specialized epithelial cells. Choice C is incorrect as M cells have microfolds on their luminal side, not microvilli.
Which statement indicates that the patient needs further instruction about application of ice to a sprain?
- A. "I know this ice will reduce the swelling."
- B. "I will keep the ice on this knee for the rest of the day."
- C. "I will use the ice as you have directed for 24 hours."
- D. "I can elevate my leg and use ice to reduce swelling."
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because keeping ice on the knee for the rest of the day can lead to skin damage or frostbite. Choice A is correct as it acknowledges the purpose of ice in reducing swelling. Choice C shows understanding of using ice as directed. Choice D indicates proper understanding of combining elevation with ice for swelling reduction.
In reference to the flow diagram below respond to the following question. The annotation A refers to which sites
- A. Annealing
- B. Melting
- C. Restriction
- D. RNAse
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Restriction. In a flow diagram, the annotation "Restriction" likely indicates the site where a DNA molecule is being cut by a restriction enzyme. This process is essential in molecular biology for DNA manipulation.
Choice A: Annealing involves the process of complementary DNA strands coming together, usually during PCR or hybridization.
Choice B: Melting refers to the separation of double-stranded DNA into single strands, often seen in denaturation steps.
Choice D: RNAse is an enzyme that specifically degrades RNA molecules, not involved in the DNA manipulation processes indicated in the diagram.