Nokea
Case-control studies allow the investigator to examine only one outcome at a time, but they permit examination of several different exposures at a time. Select a disease or other health outcome with which you are familiar and see how many potential exposures you can identify.
- A. Cancer
- B. Diabetes
- C. Heart disease
- D. Infectious diseases
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: For example, in cancer studies, multiple exposures such as smoking, diet, radiation, and genetics can be assessed simultaneously.
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Ideally, a case definition is 100% accurate in identifying who does and does not have the disease in question, but in reality few case definitions achieve this ideal.
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Case definitions aim for high specificity and sensitivity but rarely achieve perfection due to diagnostic limitations.
What does routine analysis of notifiable disease data at the state level include?
- A. Number of cases reported this week and during the previous 2-4 weeks.
- B. Number of cases reported this week and during comparable weeks of the previous 2-5 years.
- C. Simultaneous analysis by age, race, and sex of the patient.
- D. Analysis by county.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: County-level analysis helps localize outbreaks or regional differences in disease burden.
Calculate the percentage decline in the death rate for all causes. What generalizations can be made about changes in disease rates between 1900 and the present?
- A. Death rates declined significantly due to advancements in healthcare.
- B. Death rates increased due to population growth.
- C. Death rates remained constant despite medical advancements.
- D. Death rates fluctuated without clear trends.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Death rates have declined significantly since 1900 due to improvements in healthcare, sanitation, and living conditions.
Name the four major classes of pesticides.
- A. Organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids.
- B. Antibiotics, antifungals, herbicides, rodenticides.
- C. Insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, acaricides.
- D. Biological agents, synthetic agents, natural agents, chemical agents.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The four major classes of pesticides are organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids.
Why does the line for domestic animals diverge from that of wild animals?
- A. Domestic animals received more vaccinations.
- B. Wild animals are less exposed to humans.
- C. Climate change affected wild animals.
- D. Urbanization reduced domestic animal exposure.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Vaccination campaigns targeted domestic animals, reducing their rabies incidence compared to wild animals.