Nokea
CD8+ T cells
- A. Have cytotoxic function
- B. Recognize antigen in the context of MHC I molecules
- C. Can kill virus-infected cells
- D. Can kill tumor cells
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: I apologize, but the question you provided does not have a correct answer option listed. Could you please provide the correct answer option for me to provide a detailed explanation of why it is correct and summarize why the other choices are incorrect?
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The nurse is reinforcing teaching to a person being tested for HIV in a clinic. Which test should the nurse explain is done first in HIV testing?
- A. ELISA test
- B. Western blot test
- C. Viral load studies
- D. Rheumatoid factor test
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: ELISA test. The ELISA test is typically the initial screening test for HIV due to its high sensitivity in detecting HIV antibodies. It is cost-effective and quick. Western blot test is a confirmatory test used if ELISA is positive. Viral load studies monitor the progression of the disease but are not typically done first. Rheumatoid factor test is unrelated to HIV testing. Therefore, the ELISA test is the most appropriate initial step in HIV testing.
Molecules that are considered members of the 'immunoglobulin superfamily':
- A. Contain one or more protein domains with a compact barrel structure
- B. Are always lymphocyte antigen receptors
- C. Are highly unstable relative to other proteins
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because molecules in the immunoglobulin superfamily typically contain one or more protein domains with a compact barrel structure. This structure is characteristic of immunoglobulin-like domains found in proteins involved in immune responses. Choice B is incorrect because not all members of the immunoglobulin superfamily are lymphocyte antigen receptors. Choice C is incorrect as these molecules are not necessarily highly unstable compared to other proteins. Therefore, the correct answer is A as it accurately describes a common structural feature of molecules in the immunoglobulin superfamily.
When comparing the types of viruses that infect bacteria, plants, and vertebrate animals, what trends appear from bacterial to vertebrate viral groups?
- A. Less complex-type forms
- B. more enveloped forms
- C. fewer enveloped forms
- D. same number of DNA-containing forms
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: more enveloped forms. This trend can be explained by the complexity of host organisms. Bacteria have simple cell structures, making enveloped viruses less common. As we move from bacteria to plants and vertebrate animals, the complexity of host cells increases, leading to a higher prevalence of enveloped viruses. This trend is due to the need for enveloped viruses to evade the host's immune system and facilitate entry into host cells. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not consider the relationship between virus structure and host complexity.
What is the correct order of steps needed for 2nd generation sequencing?
- A. DNA fragmentation, DNA isolation, amplification, primer ligation, sequencing
- B. Amplification, primer ligation, sequencing, DNA fragmentation, DNA isolation
- C. DNA isolation, DNA fragmentation, primer ligation, amplification, sequencing
- D. Sequencing, DNA isolation, DNA fragmentation, primer ligation, amplification
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct order of steps for 2nd generation sequencing is C: DNA isolation, DNA fragmentation, primer ligation, amplification, sequencing. Firstly, DNA isolation is crucial to extract the DNA from the sample. Next, DNA fragmentation breaks the DNA into smaller fragments for sequencing. Primer ligation involves attaching primers to the DNA fragments. Amplification is necessary to make multiple copies of the DNA fragments for sequencing. Finally, sequencing is the process of determining the nucleotide sequence of the DNA fragments. This order ensures that the DNA is properly prepared and amplified before sequencing, leading to accurate results.
Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not follow the correct sequence of steps required for 2nd generation sequencing. Incorrect sequences may lead to errors in the sequencing process and inaccurate results.
Identify the fluid that is least possible to transmit AIDS.
- A. Blood
- B. Breast milk
- C. Semen
- D. Saliva
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Saliva. Saliva has very low levels of HIV, making it least likely to transmit AIDS. HIV transmission requires direct contact with infected bodily fluids containing high viral loads, such as blood, breast milk, and semen. Saliva does not typically contain enough HIV to transmit the virus, as it has enzymes that can inhibit HIV. Therefore, the risk of HIV transmission through saliva is extremely low compared to the other fluids listed.