Nokea
A monoclonal antibody called '3F8' was developed to treat neuroblastoma and was subsequently improved by:
- A. Making it more specific for neuroblastoma antigens
- B. Engineering a form that has human rather than mouse variable region protein sequences
- C. Engineering a form that has human rather than mouse constant region protein sequences
- D. Two of these responses are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. By engineering a form of the antibody with human variable region protein sequences (choice B), it reduces the risk of immune response in patients. Similarly, by engineering a form with human constant region protein sequences (choice C), it further reduces immunogenicity. Therefore, both B and C contribute to making the antibody more suitable for human use, enhancing its efficacy and safety in treating neuroblastoma. Choices A and D are incorrect as they do not address the crucial aspect of reducing immunogenicity through humanization of the antibody.
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Which of the following is a safety mechanism of the complement system?
- A. Binding C5a to plasma inhibitors
- B. Activation of complement only in the absence of pathogens
- C. Covalent binding of C3b and C4b to pathogen surfaces
- D. Suppression of C1 activation by antibodies
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale for Choice C: Covalent binding of C3b and C4b to pathogen surfaces is a safety mechanism of the complement system because it helps in targeting pathogens specifically, enhancing opsonization, and preventing damage to host cells by limiting complement activation to the pathogen surface. C3b and C4b form stable covalent bonds with the pathogens, marking them for destruction by phagocytes. This mechanism ensures that complement activation is directed towards the pathogen and not host cells, thus maintaining immune homeostasis.
Summary:
A: Binding C5a to plasma inhibitors is not a safety mechanism but a regulatory mechanism in the complement system.
B: Activation of complement only in the absence of pathogens is incorrect as the complement system can be activated in response to various stimuli, not just pathogens.
D: Suppression of C1 activation by antibodies is not a safety mechanism but a regulatory mechanism involving the classical pathway of complement activation.
Which cytokine category is associated with tumor necrosis factors?
- A. Interleukins
- B. Interferons
- C. TNF-alpha and TNF-beta
- D. TGF-beta
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: TNF-alpha and TNF-beta. Tumor necrosis factors (TNF) are a specific category of cytokines known for their role in promoting inflammation and inducing cell death in tumor cells. TNF-alpha and TNF-beta are two key members of this cytokine category. Interleukins (choice A) are a different group of cytokines involved in immune responses. Interferons (choice B) are cytokines that help regulate the immune system's response to viral infections. TGF-beta (choice D) is a cytokine involved in regulating cell growth and differentiation, but not specifically associated with tumor necrosis factors.
Which characteristics describe Pneumocystis jiroveci infection, an opportunistic disease that can be associated with HIV?
- A. May cause fungal meningitis
- B. Diagnosed by lymph node biopsy
- C. Pneumonia with dry, nonproductive cough
- D. Viral retinitis, stomatitis, esophagitis, gastritis, or colitis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia typically presents with a dry, nonproductive cough, shortness of breath, and fever.
Although the cause of autoimmune disorders is unknown, which factors are believed to be present in most conditions (select all that apply)?
- A. Younger age
- B. Male gender
- C. Inheritance of susceptibility genes
- D. Initiation of autoreactivity by triggers
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Autoimmune disorders are often associated with genetic predisposition and environmental triggers that initiate autoreactivity.
A pregnant client requires immediate but temporary protection from chickenpox. Which type of immunization would be required?
- A. Naturally acquired active immunization
- B. Artificially acquired active immunization
- C. Passive immunization
- D. Artificially acquired passive immunization
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Passive immunization provides immediate but temporary protection by introducing pre-formed antibodies which is crucial for a pregnant client who cannot wait for an active immune response.