Nokea
A segment of DNA that reads the same from forward and backward is called_____.
- A. Complementary DNA
- B. Palindromic DNA
- C. Copy DNA
- D. Transcribed DNA
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Palindromic DNA. Palindromic DNA refers to a segment of DNA that reads the same from both directions. This property occurs when the nucleotide sequence on one strand of DNA is the reverse complement of the nucleotide sequence on the other strand. This symmetry allows the DNA sequence to be read the same forward and backward.
Incorrect choices:
A: Complementary DNA - Complementary DNA refers to a synthesized DNA strand that is complementary to a given DNA sequence.
C: Copy DNA - Copy DNA is not a commonly used term in molecular biology.
D: Transcribed DNA - Transcribed DNA refers to DNA that has been converted into RNA through the process of transcription, not DNA that reads the same forward and backward.
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Which normal tissues manifest early, acute responses to radiation therapy?
- A. Spleen and liver
- B. Kidney and nervous tissue
- C. Bone marrow and gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa
- D. Hollow organs such as the stomach and bladder
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Bone marrow and GI mucosa are highly sensitive to radiation and show early acute responses.
The researcher that postulated the existence of 'pattern recognition receptors' on innate cells was:
- A. Susumu Tonegawa
- B. Ilya Metchnikoff
- C. Charles Janeway
- D. Ralph Steinman
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Charles Janeway. He proposed the existence of pattern recognition receptors on innate cells in the 1980s, leading to the development of the concept of innate immunity. Janeway's hypothesis revolutionized our understanding of immune responses by emphasizing the role of pattern recognition in detecting pathogens. Tonegawa is known for his work on immune diversity; Metchnikoff discovered phagocytes; and Steinman identified dendritic cells. Janeway's contribution to immunology specifically focuses on pattern recognition receptors, making him the correct choice for this question.
The nurse is assessing a client for signs and symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Which of the following would be consistent with this disorder? (Select one that does not apply.)
- A. Discoid rash on skin exposed to sunlight
- B. Urinalysis negative for casts and protein
- C. Painful, deformed small joints
- D. Pain on inspiration
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Discoid rash on skin exposed to sunlight. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) commonly presents with a characteristic butterfly-shaped rash on the face, especially over the cheeks and nose, that worsens with sunlight exposure. The rash is not limited to skin exposed to sunlight. Choices B, C, and D are inconsistent with SLE. B: Urinalysis negative for casts and protein is not indicative of SLE, as renal involvement in SLE often presents with the presence of casts and protein in the urine. C: Painful, deformed small joints is more typical of rheumatoid arthritis, not SLE. D: Pain on inspiration is a symptom of pleurisy, which can occur in SLE but is not a defining feature.
Which of the following is not a systemic cytokine?
- A. TNF
- B. IL-1
- C. IL-6
- D. IL-8
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: IL-8. IL-8 is not a systemic cytokine because it mainly acts locally at the site of inflammation to recruit neutrophils. Systemic cytokines like TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 have widespread effects throughout the body, influencing various immune responses and inflammatory processes. IL-8's localized action distinguishes it from systemic cytokines, making it the correct choice. TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 are all systemic cytokines that play key roles in regulating the immune response and inflammation at a systemic level, unlike IL-8.
Priority Decision: Key interventions for treating soft tissue injury and resulting inflammation are remembered using the acronym RICE. What are the most important actions for the emergency department nurse to do for the patient with an ankle injury?
- A. Reduce swelling, shine light on wound, control mobility, and elicit the history of the injury
- B. Rub the wound clean, immobilize the area, cover the area protectively, and exercise that leg
- C. Rest with immobility, apply a cold compress, apply a compress bandage, and elevate the ankle
- D. Rinse the wounded ankle, image the ankle, carry the patient, and extend the ankle with imaging
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: RICE stands for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation, which are critical steps in managing acute soft tissue injuries like sprains. These actions help reduce swelling, limit further damage, and promote healing.