Nokea
Which cytokine category is associated with tumor necrosis factors?
- A. Interleukins
- B. Interferons
- C. TNF-alpha and TNF-beta
- D. TGF-beta
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: TNF-alpha and TNF-beta. Tumor necrosis factors (TNF) are a specific category of cytokines known for their role in promoting inflammation and inducing cell death in tumor cells. TNF-alpha and TNF-beta are two key members of this cytokine category. Interleukins (choice A) are a different group of cytokines involved in immune responses. Interferons (choice B) are cytokines that help regulate the immune system's response to viral infections. TGF-beta (choice D) is a cytokine involved in regulating cell growth and differentiation, but not specifically associated with tumor necrosis factors.
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The nurse determines that a patient has long-term immunity against a disease. Which part of the immune system should the nurse recognize is responsible for this patient's long-term immunity?
- A. IgE
- B. IgG
- C. Mast cells
- D. Plasma cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: IgG. IgG is an immunoglobulin that provides long-term immunity by recognizing and neutralizing pathogens. It is produced by plasma cells in response to an infection, allowing the body to remember the pathogen and mount a quicker and more effective immune response upon re-exposure. IgE is involved in allergic reactions, not long-term immunity. Mast cells are involved in allergic responses and inflammation, not long-term immunity. Plasma cells produce antibodies, including IgG, but the plasma cells themselves are not responsible for long-term immunity.
Which of the following is not a systemic cytokine?
- A. TNF
- B. IL-1
- C. IL-6
- D. IL-8
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: IL-8. IL-8 is not a systemic cytokine because it mainly acts locally at the site of inflammation to recruit neutrophils. Systemic cytokines like TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 have widespread effects throughout the body, influencing various immune responses and inflammatory processes. IL-8's localized action distinguishes it from systemic cytokines, making it the correct choice. TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 are all systemic cytokines that play key roles in regulating the immune response and inflammation at a systemic level, unlike IL-8.
A patient’s breast tumor originates from embryonal ectoderm. It has moderate dysplasia and moderately differentiated cells. It is a small tumor with minimal lymph node involvement and no metastases. What is the best description of this tumor?
- A. Sarcoma,grade II,T3 N4 M0
- B. Leukemia,grade I,T1 N2 M1
- C. Carcinoma,grade II,T1 N1 M0
- D. Lymphoma,grade III,T1 N0 M
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: This tumor is classified as a carcinoma, grade II, with a small size, limited lymph node involvement, and no metastases.
In reference to the flow diagram below respond to the following question. The annotation A refers to which sites
- A. Annealing
- B. Melting
- C. Restriction
- D. RNAse
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Restriction. In a flow diagram, the annotation "Restriction" likely indicates the site where a DNA molecule is being cut by a restriction enzyme. This process is essential in molecular biology for DNA manipulation.
Choice A: Annealing involves the process of complementary DNA strands coming together, usually during PCR or hybridization.
Choice B: Melting refers to the separation of double-stranded DNA into single strands, often seen in denaturation steps.
Choice D: RNAse is an enzyme that specifically degrades RNA molecules, not involved in the DNA manipulation processes indicated in the diagram.
Many immune cells listed below are found in the absence of infection in the lamina propria of the gut with the exception of:
- A. Neutrophils
- B. Macrophages
- C. Plasma cells
- D. T cells
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Neutrophils are typically not found in the lamina propria of the gut in the absence of infection because they are primarily involved in the acute inflammatory response to infections. Macrophages, plasma cells, and T cells are commonly present in the gut lamina propria to maintain immune homeostasis and respond to antigens. Neutrophils are more abundant in tissues during active infection due to their role in phagocytosis and inflammation. Therefore, the correct answer is A: Neutrophils.