Nokea
Amino acids are building blocks of
- A. Carbohydrates
- B. Nucleic acids
- C. Lipids
- D. Proteins
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Proteins. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins because they are linked together in a specific sequence to form protein chains. Proteins are essential for various biological functions in the body.
Incorrect options:
A: Carbohydrates - Carbohydrates are made up of sugar molecules, not amino acids.
B: Nucleic acids - Nucleic acids, like DNA and RNA, are made up of nucleotides, not amino acids.
C: Lipids - Lipids are composed of fatty acids and glycerol, not amino acids.
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Molecules that are considered members of the 'immunoglobulin superfamily':
- A. Contain one or more protein domains with a compact barrel structure
- B. Are always lymphocyte antigen receptors
- C. Are highly unstable relative to other proteins
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because molecules in the immunoglobulin superfamily typically contain one or more protein domains with a compact barrel structure. This structure is characteristic of immunoglobulin-like domains found in proteins involved in immune responses. Choice B is incorrect because not all members of the immunoglobulin superfamily are lymphocyte antigen receptors. Choice C is incorrect as these molecules are not necessarily highly unstable compared to other proteins. Therefore, the correct answer is A as it accurately describes a common structural feature of molecules in the immunoglobulin superfamily.
The nurse is assessing a client for signs and symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Which of the following would be consistent with this disorder? (Select one that does not apply.)
- A. Discoid rash on skin exposed to sunlight
- B. Urinalysis negative for casts and protein
- C. Painful, deformed small joints
- D. Pain on inspiration
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Discoid rash on skin exposed to sunlight. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) commonly presents with a characteristic butterfly-shaped rash on the face, especially over the cheeks and nose, that worsens with sunlight exposure. The rash is not limited to skin exposed to sunlight. Choices B, C, and D are inconsistent with SLE. B: Urinalysis negative for casts and protein is not indicative of SLE, as renal involvement in SLE often presents with the presence of casts and protein in the urine. C: Painful, deformed small joints is more typical of rheumatoid arthritis, not SLE. D: Pain on inspiration is a symptom of pleurisy, which can occur in SLE but is not a defining feature.
How do regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain immune homeostasis?
- A. By killing infected cells
- B. By producing pro-inflammatory cytokines
- C. By suppressing immune responses using IL-10
- D. By activating macrophages
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain immune homeostasis by suppressing immune responses using IL-10. Tregs release IL-10, which inhibits the activity of effector T cells and other immune cells, preventing excessive immune responses and maintaining balance. This mechanism helps prevent autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because Tregs do not kill infected cells, produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, or activate macrophages. Instead, Tregs focus on regulating and dampening immune responses to maintain overall immune balance.
What is the medical term for excessive bleeding?
- A. Thrombosis
- B. Embolus
- C. Hemorrhage
- D. Hemostasis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hemorrhage. Hemorrhage refers to excessive bleeding. Thrombosis (A) is the formation of blood clots, not excessive bleeding. Embolus (B) is a blood clot that travels through the bloodstream and blocks a blood vessel. Hemostasis (D) is the process of stopping bleeding, not the term for excessive bleeding. In summary, only choice C directly relates to the medical term for excessive bleeding.
Which of the following characteristics do not occur in prokaryotic cells?
- A. cellular organization
- B. thylakoid membranes within chloroplasts
- C. oxygenic photosynthesis
- D. anaerobic respiration
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: thylakoid membranes within chloroplasts. Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles like chloroplasts, where thylakoid membranes are found. This is a key feature of prokaryotic cells. Choices A, C, and D are characteristics that can occur in prokaryotic cells. Cellular organization is present in prokaryotic cells, oxygenic photosynthesis can be carried out by some prokaryotic organisms, and prokaryotic cells can perform anaerobic respiration.