Nokea
Polyclonal antibodies made in response to a given antigen will be:
- A. Derived from multiple B cell clones
- B. A mixture of different affinities
- C. A mixture of different antibody classes
- D. All options are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why Answer D is correct:
1. Polyclonal antibodies are produced by multiple B cell clones in response to an antigen (Choice A).
2. These antibodies have varying affinities due to the diversity of B cell clones involved (Choice B).
3. Different antibody classes, such as IgM, IgG, IgA, etc., are produced by different B cells (Choice C).
4. Therefore, all options are correct as polyclonal antibodies exhibit these characteristics.
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Amino acids are building blocks of
- A. Carbohydrates
- B. Nucleic acids
- C. Lipids
- D. Proteins
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Proteins. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins because they are linked together in a specific sequence to form protein chains. Proteins are essential for various biological functions in the body.
Incorrect options:
A: Carbohydrates - Carbohydrates are made up of sugar molecules, not amino acids.
B: Nucleic acids - Nucleic acids, like DNA and RNA, are made up of nucleotides, not amino acids.
C: Lipids - Lipids are composed of fatty acids and glycerol, not amino acids.
To raise antibodies that interfere with the interaction of HIV with CD4+ T cells, vaccines should target which of the following HIV antigens
- A. gp41
- B. Reverse transcriptase
- C. gp120
- D. Matrix proteins
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: gp120. This is because gp120 is a key HIV antigen that plays a crucial role in binding to CD4 receptors on T cells, facilitating viral entry. By targeting gp120, vaccines can induce antibodies that block this interaction, preventing HIV from infecting CD4+ T cells. Conversely, choices A, B, and D (gp41, Reverse transcriptase, Matrix proteins) are not as effective targets for interfering with the CD4+ T cell interaction, as they do not directly impact the initial binding and entry process of HIV into the cells.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects:
- A. CD4+ T cells
- B. B cells
- C. CD8+ T cells
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: CD4+ T cells. HIV primarily infects CD4+ T cells by binding to the CD4 receptor and a co-receptor, usually CCR5 or CXCR4. CD4+ T cells are crucial for coordinating the immune response. B cells (choice B) are not typically infected by HIV. CD8+ T cells (choice C) can be indirectly affected by HIV, but they are not the primary target of the virus. Therefore, the correct choice is A as it accurately reflects the primary target cells of HIV infection.
The major role of the complement system is to work in conjunction with
- A. antibodies to lyse cells via the C8 and C9 components
- B. the major histocompatibility complex for cell recognition
- C. antibodies to opsonize cells
- D. the T-cell receptor for production of lymphokines
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: The complement system is a group of proteins that enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens. Choice A is correct because the C8 and C9 components of the complement system form the membrane attack complex which lyses cells. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the complement system primarily functions independently of the major histocompatibility complex, antibodies for opsonization, and T-cell receptor for lymphokine production.
Which of the following is an important nursing intervention for HIV-positive clients?
- A. Suggesting the use of herbal medications and alternate therapies.
- B. Suggesting the use of psychostimulants such as methamphetamine.
- C. Advising client to avoid clinical drug trials.
- D. Providing referral to support groups and resources for information.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Providing referrals to support groups and resources helps clients manage their condition and access necessary care.