Nokea
The patient’s wound is not healing, so the health care provider is going to send the patient home with negative pressure wound therapy or a “wound vac” device. What will the caregiver need to understand about the use of this device?
- A. The wound must be cleaned daily.
- B. The patient will be placed in a hyperbaric chamber.
- C. The occlusive dressing must be sealed tightly to the skin.
- D. The diet will not be as important with this sort of treatment.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Negative pressure wound therapy requires a secure seal around the wound to ensure effective suction and removal of exudate, promoting granulation tissue formation.
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What type of cell is responsible for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body?
- A. Red blood cell
- B. White blood cell
- C. Platelet
- D. Hematocrit
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Red blood cell. Red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, contain hemoglobin that binds to oxygen and carbon dioxide for transport in the bloodstream. They are specifically designed for gas exchange. White blood cells (B) are part of the immune system and fight infections. Platelets (C) are responsible for blood clotting. Hematocrit (D) refers to the proportion of red blood cells in the blood, not a specific type of cell responsible for gas transport.
Which normal tissues manifest early, acute responses to radiation therapy?
- A. Spleen and liver
- B. Kidney and nervous tissue
- C. Bone marrow and gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa
- D. Hollow organs such as the stomach and bladder
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Bone marrow and GI mucosa are highly sensitive to radiation and show early acute responses.
A monoclonal antibody called '3F8' was developed to treat neuroblastoma and was subsequently improved by:
- A. Making it more specific for neuroblastoma antigens
- B. Engineering a form that has human rather than mouse variable region protein sequences
- C. Engineering a form that has human rather than mouse constant region protein sequences
- D. Two of these responses are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. By engineering a form of the antibody with human variable region protein sequences (choice B), it reduces the risk of immune response in patients. Similarly, by engineering a form with human constant region protein sequences (choice C), it further reduces immunogenicity. Therefore, both B and C contribute to making the antibody more suitable for human use, enhancing its efficacy and safety in treating neuroblastoma. Choices A and D are incorrect as they do not address the crucial aspect of reducing immunogenicity through humanization of the antibody.
Which of the following statements is most correct?
- A. MHC class I proteins typically bind to peptides from proteins taken up from outside the cell, and present these to CD8+ Tc cells
- B. MHC class I proteins typically bind to peptides from proteins made inside the cell, and present these to CD8+ Tc cells
- C. MHC class I proteins typically bind to peptides from proteins made inside the cell, and present these to CD4+ Th cells
- D. MHC class I proteins typically bind to peptides from proteins taken up from outside the cell, and present these to CD4+ Th cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. MHC class I proteins bind to peptides from proteins made inside the cell and present them to CD8+ Tc cells. This statement is correct because MHC class I proteins are responsible for presenting endogenous peptides, derived from proteins synthesized within the cell, to CD8+ Tc cells for immune surveillance and response.
Explanation for why other choices are incorrect:
- A is incorrect because MHC class I proteins present endogenous peptides, not peptides from proteins taken up from outside the cell.
- C is incorrect because MHC class I proteins present antigens to CD8+ Tc cells, not CD4+ Th cells.
- D is incorrect because MHC class I proteins present peptides to CD8+ Tc cells, not CD4+ Th cells.
Amino acids are building blocks of
- A. Carbohydrates
- B. Nucleic acids
- C. Lipids
- D. Proteins
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Proteins. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins because they are linked together in a specific sequence to form protein chains. Proteins are essential for various biological functions in the body.
Incorrect options:
A: Carbohydrates - Carbohydrates are made up of sugar molecules, not amino acids.
B: Nucleic acids - Nucleic acids, like DNA and RNA, are made up of nucleotides, not amino acids.
C: Lipids - Lipids are composed of fatty acids and glycerol, not amino acids.