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A cell whose functions include ingesting foreign or invading cells is a (an):
- A. T cell.
- B. B cell.
- C. Macrophage.
- D. Erythrocyte.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Macrophages are specialized cells that engulf and digest pathogens, cellular debris, and other foreign substances. T cells and B cells play roles in adaptive immunity, while erythrocytes (red blood cells) are involved in oxygen transport.
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What chemicals are responsible for the flavor and holes in Swiss cheese?
- A. lactate, oxygen
- B. propionic acid, carbon dioxide
- C. acetic acid, carbon dioxide
- D. ethanol, hydrogen
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: propionic acid, carbon dioxide. Propionic acid is produced by bacteria in Swiss cheese, contributing to its nutty flavor. The bacteria also produce carbon dioxide, which forms the characteristic holes. Lactate (A) is a byproduct of bacteria in cheese but not responsible for the flavor or holes. Acetic acid (C) is not commonly found in Swiss cheese. Ethanol (D) and hydrogen are not involved in the flavor or hole formation.
Which of the following statements accurately describe genetic testing (select all that apply)?
- A. Results of genetic testing may raise psychologic and emotional issues.
- B. An ethical issue that is raised with genetic testing is protection of privacy to prevent discrimination.
- C. Genetic testing of the mother can be used to determine an unborn child’s risk of having genetic conditions.
- D. An example of genetic testing that is required by all states is premarital testing of women for the hemophilia gene.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Genetic testing raises psychological and ethical concerns, helps assess risks in unborn children, and includes tests like BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation screening. Premarital hemophilia testing is not universally mandated.
You are evaluating an HIV-positive patient who is receiving IV pentamidine (Pentam) as a treatment for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Which information is most important to communicate to the physician?
- A. The blood pressure decreased to 104/76 during administration.
- B. The patient is complaining of pain at the site of the infusion.
- C. The patient is not taking in an adequate amount of oral fluids.
- D. Blood glucose is 55 mg/dL after the medication administration.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Pentamidine can cause hypoglycemia which is a serious and potentially life-threatening side effect. A blood glucose level of 55 mg/dL is critically low and requires immediate intervention. The other findings while important are less urgent and can be managed with standard nursing interventions.
A patient who has a large amount of carbon dioxide in the blood also has what in the blood?
- A. Large amount of carbonic acid and low hydrogen ion concentration
- B. Small amount of carbonic acid and low hydrogen ion concentration
- C. Large amount of carbonic acid and high hydrogen ion concentration
- D. Small amount of carbonic acid and high hydrogen ion concentration
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Excess CO2 forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ion concentration and lowering pH.
Which characteristics describe Pneumocystis jiroveci infection, an opportunistic disease that can be associated with HIV?
- A. May cause fungal meningitis
- B. Diagnosed by lymph node biopsy
- C. Pneumonia with dry, nonproductive cough
- D. Viral retinitis, stomatitis, esophagitis, gastritis, or colitis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia typically presents with a dry, nonproductive cough, shortness of breath, and fever.