Nokea
Which of the following is an important nursing intervention for HIV-positive clients?
- A. Suggesting the use of herbal medications and alternate therapies.
- B. Suggesting the use of psychostimulants such as methamphetamine.
- C. Advising client to avoid clinical drug trials.
- D. Providing referral to support groups and resources for information.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Providing referrals to support groups and resources helps clients manage their condition and access necessary care.
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What chemicals are responsible for the flavor and holes in Swiss cheese?
- A. lactate, oxygen
- B. propionic acid, carbon dioxide
- C. acetic acid, carbon dioxide
- D. ethanol, hydrogen
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: propionic acid, carbon dioxide. Propionic acid is produced by bacteria in Swiss cheese, contributing to its nutty flavor. The bacteria also produce carbon dioxide, which forms the characteristic holes. Lactate (A) is a byproduct of bacteria in cheese but not responsible for the flavor or holes. Acetic acid (C) is not commonly found in Swiss cheese. Ethanol (D) and hydrogen are not involved in the flavor or hole formation.
Defensins are
- A. Released by mast cells during an allergic reaction
- B. Membrane-disrupting peptides
- C. Acute phase proteins
- D. Opsonins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Membrane-disrupting peptides. Defensins are antimicrobial peptides that disrupt bacterial cell membranes. This disrupts the integrity of the bacterial cell, leading to cell lysis and death. Choice A is incorrect because mast cells release histamines, not defensins. Choice C is incorrect as acute phase proteins are involved in the immune response to inflammation. Choice D is incorrect as opsonins are molecules that enhance phagocytosis of pathogens by immune cells.
The nurse is assessing a client for signs and symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Which of the following would be consistent with this disorder? (Select one that does not apply.)
- A. Discoid rash on skin exposed to sunlight
- B. Urinalysis negative for casts and protein
- C. Painful, deformed small joints
- D. Pain on inspiration
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Discoid rash on skin exposed to sunlight. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) commonly presents with a characteristic butterfly-shaped rash on the face, especially over the cheeks and nose, that worsens with sunlight exposure. The rash is not limited to skin exposed to sunlight. Choices B, C, and D are inconsistent with SLE. B: Urinalysis negative for casts and protein is not indicative of SLE, as renal involvement in SLE often presents with the presence of casts and protein in the urine. C: Painful, deformed small joints is more typical of rheumatoid arthritis, not SLE. D: Pain on inspiration is a symptom of pleurisy, which can occur in SLE but is not a defining feature.
Which T cell type is involved in directly killing infected or foreign cells?
- A. Helper T cells
- B. Cytotoxic T cells
- C. Regulatory T cells
- D. Memory T cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cytotoxic T cells. Cytotoxic T cells are responsible for directly killing infected or foreign cells by releasing toxic substances that induce apoptosis in the target cells. This process helps eliminate the threats to the body.
Helper T cells (Choice A) assist in coordinating immune responses but do not directly kill cells. Regulatory T cells (Choice C) play a role in suppressing immune responses to prevent autoimmunity but do not kill infected cells. Memory T cells (Choice D) are primed for rapid response upon re-exposure to a specific antigen but do not directly kill cells. Therefore, the correct choice is B as cytotoxic T cells are specifically designed for cell killing.
When comparing the types of viruses that infect bacteria, plants, and vertebrate animals, what trends appear from bacterial to vertebrate viral groups?
- A. Less complex-type forms
- B. more enveloped forms
- C. fewer enveloped forms
- D. same number of DNA-containing forms
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: more enveloped forms. This trend can be explained by the complexity of host organisms. Bacteria have simple cell structures, making enveloped viruses less common. As we move from bacteria to plants and vertebrate animals, the complexity of host cells increases, leading to a higher prevalence of enveloped viruses. This trend is due to the need for enveloped viruses to evade the host's immune system and facilitate entry into host cells. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not consider the relationship between virus structure and host complexity.