Nokea
Which normal tissues manifest early, acute responses to radiation therapy?
- A. Spleen and liver
- B. Kidney and nervous tissue
- C. Bone marrow and gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa
- D. Hollow organs such as the stomach and bladder
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Bone marrow and GI mucosa are highly sensitive to radiation and show early acute responses.
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Which of the following bacteria are individuals with complement deficiencies more susceptible to?
- A. Escherichia coli
- B. Haemophilus influenzae
- C. Staphylococcus aureus
- D. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Individuals with complement deficiencies are more susceptible to encapsulated bacteria. Haemophilus influenzae is an encapsulated bacterium, making it the correct choice. The complement system plays a crucial role in opsonization and killing of encapsulated bacteria. Escherichia coli (choice A) is not an encapsulated bacterium, so complement deficiency doesn't significantly increase susceptibility. Staphylococcus aureus (choice C) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (choice D) are also not encapsulated bacteria, therefore complement deficiencies do not have a direct impact on susceptibility to these pathogens.
Which of the following statements about M cells is incorrect?
- A. M cells are found in Peyer's patches in the small intestine
- B. M cells are specialized epithelial cells
- C. M' stands for microfold as these cells show small folds on their luminal side rather than microvilli
- D. They specialize in the transport by transcytosis of IgA from the lamina propria (the tissue immediately below the gut lining) into the intestinal lumen
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because M cells do not transport IgA from the lamina propria into the intestinal lumen. Instead, they transport antigens and pathogens from the gut lumen to underlying immune cells. Choice A is correct as M cells are found in Peyer's patches. Choice B is correct as M cells are specialized epithelial cells. Choice C is incorrect as M cells have microfolds on their luminal side, not microvilli.
Which of the following characteristics do not occur in prokaryotic cells?
- A. cellular organization
- B. thylakoid membranes within chloroplasts
- C. oxygenic photosynthesis
- D. anaerobic respiration
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: thylakoid membranes within chloroplasts. Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles like chloroplasts, where thylakoid membranes are found. This is a key feature of prokaryotic cells. Choices A, C, and D are characteristics that can occur in prokaryotic cells. Cellular organization is present in prokaryotic cells, oxygenic photosynthesis can be carried out by some prokaryotic organisms, and prokaryotic cells can perform anaerobic respiration.
The nurse determines that a patient has long-term immunity against a disease. Which part of the immune system should the nurse recognize is responsible for this patient's long-term immunity?
- A. IgE
- B. IgG
- C. Mast cells
- D. Plasma cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: IgG. IgG is an immunoglobulin that provides long-term immunity by recognizing and neutralizing pathogens. It is produced by plasma cells in response to an infection, allowing the body to remember the pathogen and mount a quicker and more effective immune response upon re-exposure. IgE is involved in allergic reactions, not long-term immunity. Mast cells are involved in allergic responses and inflammation, not long-term immunity. Plasma cells produce antibodies, including IgG, but the plasma cells themselves are not responsible for long-term immunity.
Compared to naïve T cells, memory T cells:
- A. Take less time to become activated
- B. Have less need for costimulation during activation
- C. Have a much longer life span
- D. All of the above are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Memory T cells, compared to naïve T cells, take less time to become activated as they have previously encountered the antigen. They also have less need for costimulation during activation due to their enhanced sensitivity. Furthermore, memory T cells have a much longer life span, allowing for a more rapid and robust immune response upon re-exposure to the antigen. Therefore, all of the statements in choices A, B, and C are correct, making option D the correct answer.