Nokea
What is the prevalence of sarcoidosis in Ireland?
- A. One of the lowest globally
- B. Among the highest globally
- C. Similar to the global average
- D. Extremely rare
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Among the highest globally. Sarcoidosis prevalence in Ireland is relatively high compared to other regions. This is due to genetic factors, environmental influences, and possibly healthcare practices. Sarcoidosis rates vary worldwide, with Ireland being noted for its higher prevalence. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because Ireland's sarcoidosis prevalence is not among the lowest globally, similar to the global average, or extremely rare.
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What is the medical term for excessive bleeding?
- A. Thrombosis
- B. Embolus
- C. Hemorrhage
- D. Hemostasis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hemorrhage. Hemorrhage refers to excessive bleeding. Thrombosis (A) is the formation of blood clots, not excessive bleeding. Embolus (B) is a blood clot that travels through the bloodstream and blocks a blood vessel. Hemostasis (D) is the process of stopping bleeding, not the term for excessive bleeding. In summary, only choice C directly relates to the medical term for excessive bleeding.
Which type of immunity is the result of contact with the antigen through infection and is the longest lasting type of immunity?
- A. Active innate immunity
- B. Passive innate immunity
- C. Active acquired immunity
- D. Passive acquired immunity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Active acquired immunity results from direct exposure to an antigen, such as through infection or vaccination. It involves the body's immune system recognizing and remembering the antigen, leading to long-lasting immunity.
Which statement indicates that the patient needs further instruction about application of ice to a sprain?
- A. "I know this ice will reduce the swelling."
- B. "I will keep the ice on this knee for the rest of the day."
- C. "I will use the ice as you have directed for 24 hours."
- D. "I can elevate my leg and use ice to reduce swelling."
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because keeping ice on the knee for the rest of the day can lead to skin damage or frostbite. Choice A is correct as it acknowledges the purpose of ice in reducing swelling. Choice C shows understanding of using ice as directed. Choice D indicates proper understanding of combining elevation with ice for swelling reduction.
Which of the following statements about M cells is incorrect?
- A. M cells are found in Peyer's patches in the small intestine
- B. M cells are specialized epithelial cells
- C. M' stands for microfold as these cells show small folds on their luminal side rather than microvilli
- D. They specialize in the transport by transcytosis of IgA from the lamina propria (the tissue immediately below the gut lining) into the intestinal lumen
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because M cells do not transport IgA from the lamina propria into the intestinal lumen. Instead, they transport antigens and pathogens from the gut lumen to underlying immune cells. Choice A is correct as M cells are found in Peyer's patches. Choice B is correct as M cells are specialized epithelial cells. Choice C is incorrect as M cells have microfolds on their luminal side, not microvilli.
Which of the following would help a client with allergic skin reaction reduce itching and maintain intact skin?
- A. Humidifying the environment
- B. Avoiding a skin lubricant
- C. Bathing with a bar soap that contains lye
- D. Bathing with hot water
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Humidifying the environment helps to keep the skin moist reducing itching and preventing skin breakdown.