Nokea
A pregnant client requires immediate but temporary protection from chickenpox. Which type of immunization would be required?
- A. Naturally acquired active immunization
- B. Artificially acquired active immunization
- C. Passive immunization
- D. Artificially acquired passive immunization
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Passive immunization provides immediate but temporary protection by introducing pre-formed antibodies which is crucial for a pregnant client who cannot wait for an active immune response.
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A patient who has a large amount of carbon dioxide in the blood also has what in the blood?
- A. Large amount of carbonic acid and low hydrogen ion concentration
- B. Small amount of carbonic acid and low hydrogen ion concentration
- C. Large amount of carbonic acid and high hydrogen ion concentration
- D. Small amount of carbonic acid and high hydrogen ion concentration
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Excess CO2 forms carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ion concentration and lowering pH.
PNAd is expressed on
- A. HEV
- B. Lymphocytes
- C. Dendritic cells
- D. Thymus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: HEV (High Endothelial Venules). PNAd is a ligand expressed on high endothelial venules, which helps in the recruitment of lymphocytes from the bloodstream into secondary lymphoid organs. PNAd is not primarily expressed on lymphocytes themselves (B) or dendritic cells (C). While PNAd can be involved in thymocyte migration to the thymus, it is not expressed on the thymus itself (D). Thus, the correct answer is A as it directly relates to the function and location of PNAd expression.
APECED is a rare autoimmune disease caused by deficiency of
- A. CTLA-4
- B. AIRE
- C. Tregs
- D. TGF-β
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: AIRE. APECED (Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy) is caused by mutations in the AIRE gene. AIRE is responsible for regulating the expression of self-antigens in the thymus, crucial for the development of immune tolerance. Deficiency in AIRE leads to the production of autoantibodies and autoimmune manifestations.
Incorrect options:
A: CTLA-4 is involved in downregulating immune responses but is not directly linked to APECED.
C: Tregs (regulatory T cells) play a role in immune tolerance, but APECED is not directly caused by their deficiency.
D: TGF-β is a cytokine involved in immune regulation, but its deficiency does not lead to APECED.
The researcher that postulated the existence of 'pattern recognition receptors' on innate cells was:
- A. Susumu Tonegawa
- B. Ilya Metchnikoff
- C. Charles Janeway
- D. Ralph Steinman
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Charles Janeway. He proposed the existence of pattern recognition receptors on innate cells in the 1980s, leading to the development of the concept of innate immunity. Janeway's hypothesis revolutionized our understanding of immune responses by emphasizing the role of pattern recognition in detecting pathogens. Tonegawa is known for his work on immune diversity; Metchnikoff discovered phagocytes; and Steinman identified dendritic cells. Janeway's contribution to immunology specifically focuses on pattern recognition receptors, making him the correct choice for this question.
Defensins are
- A. Cationic antimicrobial peptides
- B. Opsonins
- C. DAMPs
- D. Fatty acids
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Defensins are cationic antimicrobial peptides that play a crucial role in the innate immune system by disrupting the microbial cell membrane. This property allows them to kill a wide range of pathogens. Option A is correct because it accurately describes the primary function of defensins.
Option B, opsonins, are proteins that enhance phagocytosis but are not specific to defensins. Option C, DAMPs, are damage-associated molecular patterns released by damaged cells and are not related to defensins. Option D, fatty acids, are not directly related to the antimicrobial properties of defensins.