Nokea
Cholesterol is a major component of atherosclerotic plaque. Cholesterol carried by ______ is linked to coronary heart disease.
- A. micelle
- B. chylomicron
- C. low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
- D. high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: low-density lipoprotein (LDL). LDL is often referred to as "bad cholesterol" because it carries cholesterol from the liver to the cells, leading to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, which can result in coronary heart disease. Micelles are small lipid structures, not carriers of cholesterol. Chylomicrons are large lipoprotein particles that transport dietary fats, not primarily cholesterol. HDL is known as "good cholesterol" as it helps remove cholesterol from the bloodstream back to the liver for excretion, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis.
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Which one of the connective tissue sheets listed below consists of two layers of serous membranes with a thin layer of connective tissue between them and attaches to the small intestine?
- A. lesser omentum
- B. mesentery proper
- C. greater omentum
- D. falciform ligament
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: mesentery proper. The mesentery proper consists of two layers of serous membranes with a thin layer of connective tissue between them, and it attaches to the small intestine. This structure provides support and allows for movement of the small intestine.
A: The lesser omentum attaches the stomach to the liver, not the small intestine.
C: The greater omentum is a large apron-like structure that hangs down from the stomach and covers the intestines, but it does not specifically attach to the small intestine.
D: The falciform ligament attaches the liver to the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall, not the small intestine.
A nurse is caring for a client who is receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). The nurse notices that the solution bag is almost empty and there is not another bag of TPN to administer. Which of the following IV solutions should the nurse administer until the next bag of TPN solution is available?
- A. 10% dextrose in water (D10W)
- B. 0.45% sodium chloride (0.45% NaCl)
- C. Lactated Ringer's solution
- D. 5% dextrose in lactated Ringer's solution (D5LR)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 10% dextrose in water (D10W). When a TPN bag is almost empty, abruptly stopping it can lead to hypoglycemia. Administering D10W provides a temporary source of glucose to prevent this. D10W is a hypertonic solution that delivers a high concentration of dextrose for energy. Option B (0.45% NaCl) is hypotonic and lacks the necessary glucose content. Option C (Lactated Ringer's solution) does not contain glucose, and option D (D5LR) contains lactate, which may not be suitable for all patients. Administering D10W is the most appropriate choice to prevent hypoglycemia until the next bag of TPN is available.
The pacemaker signal generated by the SA node spreads to the ventricles by passing through the AV node. What would happen to the contraction of the ventricles if there was a complete block at the AV node?
- A. the ventricles would cease beating
- B. the ventricles would beat very fast and uncontrollably
- C. the ventricles would contract rhythmically, but more slowly
- D. the ventricles would contract at the same rate as the atria
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: A complete block at the AV node would prevent the transmission of the pacemaker signal from the SA node to the ventricles. As a result, the ventricles would not receive the signal to contract at their normal rate. Instead, they would rely on their inherent ability to generate impulses, resulting in a slower, but still rhythmic contraction. This scenario is known as an escape rhythm, where a lower pacemaker takes over in the absence of the SA node signal.
Summary:
A: the ventricles would cease beating - Incorrect, as the ventricles have their own intrinsic pacemaker.
B: the ventricles would beat very fast and uncontrollably - Incorrect, as a complete AV block would lead to a slower rhythm.
D: the ventricles would contract at the same rate as the atria - Incorrect, as the ventricles and atria have different intrinsic rates.
The enzymes present in pancreatic juice are
- A. Amylase, Trypsinogen, Peptidase, Rennin
- B. Trypsinogen, Lipase, Amylase, Procarbo xypeptidase
- C. Peptidase, Pepsin, Amylase, Rennin
- D. Maltase, Amylase, Trypsinogen, Pepsin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because pancreatic juice contains enzymes such as Trypsinogen, Lipase, Amylase, and Procarboxypeptidase. Trypsinogen helps in protein digestion, Lipase breaks down fats, Amylase digests carbohydrates, and Procarboxypeptidase aids in protein digestion.
Choice A is incorrect because it includes Rennin, which is not typically found in pancreatic juice. Choice C is incorrect because Pepsin is a stomach enzyme, not found in pancreatic juice. Choice D is incorrect because Maltase is an enzyme found in the small intestine, not in pancreatic juice.
The nurse has completed initial instruction with a patient regarding a weight-loss program. Which patient comment indicates to the nurse that the teaching has been effective?
- A. I will keep a diary of daily weight to illustrate my weight loss.'
- B. I plan to lose 4 lb a week until I have lost the 60 lb I want to lose.'
- C. I should not exercise more than what is required so I don't increase my appetite.'
- D. I plan to join a behavior modification group to help establish long-term behavior changes.'
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because it demonstrates the patient's understanding of the importance of behavior modification for long-term weight loss success. By joining a behavior modification group, the patient shows a commitment to changing habits and lifestyle, which is crucial for sustained weight loss.
Choice A focuses on tracking weight loss progress, which is important but does not necessarily indicate a deep understanding of behavior change. Choice B sets unrealistic weight loss goals that may not be safe or sustainable. Choice C shows a misconception about exercise and appetite, indicating a potential misunderstanding of weight loss principles.
In summary, choice D is correct because it reflects a holistic approach to weight loss that includes addressing behavior patterns, while the other choices either focus on surface-level strategies or misunderstand key concepts related to weight loss.