Nokea
Mucosa surface cell secretes mucous which provides a physical barrier between __ and __.
- A. Mucosa and Epithelium
- B. Lymph Vessel and lamina Propria
- C. Mucosa and Lumen
- D. Lumen and Epithelium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Mucosa and Lumen. The mucosa surface cell secretes mucus that forms a physical barrier between the mucosa (inner lining of a cavity or organ) and the lumen (inner space of a tubular structure). This barrier protects the underlying tissues from harmful substances in the lumen.
Choice A (Mucosa and Epithelium) is incorrect because the mucosa is part of the epithelium layer, so it would not make sense for the physical barrier to be between them.
Choice B (Lymph Vessel and Lamina Propria) is incorrect because these structures are not directly related to the secretion of mucus for protection.
Choice D (Lumen and Epithelium) is incorrect because the physical barrier created by the mucus is specifically between the mucosa cells and the lumen, not the epithelium itself.
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An excessive response or activity of T suppressor cells would most likely be associated with
- A. autoimmune disease
- B. cancer
- C. allergies
- D. graft rejection
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: cancer. T suppressor cells play a crucial role in regulating the immune response to prevent excessive activation, which can lead to the development of cancer. In cancer, T suppressor cells may become dysfunctional, allowing cancer cells to evade immune surveillance and proliferate. Autoimmune diseases (choice A) are more associated with a breakdown in immune tolerance, leading to an overactive immune response against self-antigens. Allergies (choice C) involve an exaggerated immune response to harmless substances, primarily driven by IgE antibodies and other immune cells, rather than T suppressor cells. Graft rejection (choice D) is typically mediated by T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells targeting foreign antigens present in transplanted tissues, rather than T suppressor cells.
Bile production by the liver cells is increased by:
- A. Sympathetic activation
- B. Secretin
- C. CCK
- D. Bile salts
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: CCK. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone released by the small intestine in response to the presence of fatty acids and amino acids. It stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and increases bile production by the liver cells to aid in digestion. Sympathetic activation (choice A) typically inhibits digestive functions. Secretin (choice B) primarily stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion, not bile production. Bile salts (choice D) are products of bile, not direct stimulators of bile production. Therefore, CCK is the correct choice as it directly influences the production of bile by the liver cells.
A nurse is doing a nursing assessment on a patient with chronic constipation. What data obtained during the interview may be a factor contributing to the constipation?
- A. Taking methylcellulose (Citrucel) daily
- B. History of hemorrhoids and hypertension
- C. High dietary fiber with high fluid intake
- D. Suppressing the urge to defecate while at work
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Suppressing the urge to defecate while at work. This behavior can lead to chronic constipation as it disrupts the natural bowel movement process. By holding in the urge to defecate, the stool can become harder and more difficult to pass, leading to constipation.
A: Taking methylcellulose daily is a form of fiber supplement that can actually help alleviate constipation by adding bulk to the stool and promoting regular bowel movements.
B: History of hemorrhoids and hypertension may be relevant to the patient's health but are not direct contributors to constipation.
C: High dietary fiber with high fluid intake is actually beneficial in preventing constipation by promoting healthy bowel movements.
A client has to undergo a barium enema for a suspected GI disorder. During the test, he experiences a strong urge to defecate and seeks the nurse's advice. Which of the following should the nurse do?
- A. Advise him to clear his bowel immediately
- B. Assure him that most people can retain the urge
- C. Give him analgesics to relieve him of the urge
- D. Instruct him to drink plenty of fluids
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Assure him that most people can retain the urge. The rationale is as follows:
1. Retaining the urge during a barium enema is common due to the pressure from the barium solution.
2. Advising the client to clear his bowel immediately is incorrect because it may disrupt the test.
3. Giving analgesics to relieve the urge is incorrect as it does not address the issue.
4. Instructing to drink plenty of fluids is incorrect as it does not help in managing the urge.
In summary, choice B is correct as it reassures the client and helps maintain the integrity of the test.
A client with ulcerative colitis, who experiences severe diarrhea, is prescribed a cleansing enema to relieve the symptoms. Which of the following interventions should the nurse consider at this stage?
- A. Question the physician about the use of the cleansing enema
- B. Educate the client about the procedure of cleansing enema
- C. Position the client comfortably to receive the cleansing enema
- D. Instruct the client to visit the toilet before receiving the enema
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Question the physician about the use of the cleansing enema. In this scenario, the nurse should question the physician because administering a cleansing enema to a client with ulcerative colitis and severe diarrhea can potentially exacerbate the condition. The nurse needs to verify if the enema is the appropriate intervention and if there are alternative treatments that may be safer and more effective.
Summary:
- Choice B: Educating the client about the procedure does not address the potential risks of administering the enema.
- Choice C: Positioning the client comfortably is important but does not address the appropriateness of the enema.
- Choice D: Instructing the client to visit the toilet before the enema does not address the potential risks associated with the procedure.