Nokea
What is the function of the enteric nervous system?
- A. controlling voluntary movements
- B. regulating hormone secretion
- C. controlling digestion independently of the brain
- D. controlling respiratory functions
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the enteric nervous system is a complex network of neurons that controls digestion independently of the brain. It regulates gastrointestinal functions such as peristalsis, secretion of digestive enzymes, and blood flow. This system can operate autonomously but is also influenced by the central nervous system. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the enteric nervous system is not responsible for controlling voluntary movements, regulating hormone secretion, or controlling respiratory functions.
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An excessive response or activity of T suppressor cells would most likely be associated with
- A. autoimmune disease
- B. cancer
- C. allergies
- D. graft rejection
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: cancer. T suppressor cells play a crucial role in regulating the immune response to prevent excessive activation, which can lead to the development of cancer. In cancer, T suppressor cells may become dysfunctional, allowing cancer cells to evade immune surveillance and proliferate. Autoimmune diseases (choice A) are more associated with a breakdown in immune tolerance, leading to an overactive immune response against self-antigens. Allergies (choice C) involve an exaggerated immune response to harmless substances, primarily driven by IgE antibodies and other immune cells, rather than T suppressor cells. Graft rejection (choice D) is typically mediated by T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells targeting foreign antigens present in transplanted tissues, rather than T suppressor cells.
The di- and tripeptides are transported in the enterocytes by peptide transporter 1 that requires:-
- A. Na+
- B. Ca++
- C. H+
- D. Cl-
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: H+. Peptide transporter 1 requires a proton gradient for the active transport of di- and tripeptides across the enterocytes. This proton gradient is maintained by the H+ ions. Na+ (Choice A), Ca++ (Choice B), and Cl- (Choice D) are not directly involved in the transport of di- and tripeptides by peptide transporter 1. Na+ is primarily involved in glucose and amino acid transport, Ca++ in bone formation and muscle contraction, and Cl- in maintaining osmotic balance. Therefore, the correct answer is H+ as it is crucial for the functioning of peptide transporter 1.
A patient is receiving continuous enteral nutrition through a small-bore silicone feeding tube. What should the nurse plan for when this patient has a computed tomography (CT) scan ordered?
- A. Ask the health care provider to reschedule the scan.
- B. Shut the feeding off 30 to 60 minutes before the scan.
- C. Connect the feeding tube to continuous suction before and during the scan.
- D. Send a suction catheter with the patient in case of aspiration during the scan.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale:
- Correct Answer (B): Shutting off the feeding 30-60 mins before the CT scan reduces the risk of aspiration or vomiting during the procedure, minimizing potential complications.
- Incorrect Answer (A): Rescheduling the scan is not necessary if feeding is temporarily stopped before the procedure.
- Incorrect Answer (C): Connecting the feeding tube to continuous suction is unnecessary and may lead to dehydration or electrolyte imbalances.
- Incorrect Answer (D): Sending a suction catheter with the patient is not a standard practice for CT scans; aspiration risk can be minimized by stopping the feeding temporarily.
Which of the following carbohydrates can be transported across the absorptive cells of the intestinal surface?
- A. starch, sucrose, lactose
- B. glycogen, maltose
- C. glucose, fructose, galactose
- D. amylase, maltose, lactose
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because glucose, fructose, and galactose are all monosaccharides, which are the simplest form of carbohydrates and can be directly absorbed by the intestinal cells through specific transport proteins. This process occurs through facilitated diffusion or active transport mechanisms. In contrast, choices A and B consist of disaccharides or polysaccharides, which need to be broken down into monosaccharides before absorption can occur. Choice D includes enzymes and disaccharides, which are not directly absorbed but rather involved in the digestion process. Thus, only choice C aligns with the mechanism of carbohydrate absorption in the intestines.
Which organ produces bile?
- A. Pancreas
- B. Gallbladder
- C. Liver
- D. Stomach
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Liver. The liver produces bile, which plays a crucial role in digestion by breaking down fats. The pancreas (A) produces digestive enzymes, not bile. The gallbladder (B) stores bile produced by the liver but does not produce it. The stomach (D) produces gastric juices, not bile. Therefore, the liver is the only organ that produces bile, making it the correct answer.