Nokea
The Mallory-Weiss syndrome refers to the occurrence of gastrointestinal hemorrhage as a result of:
- A. esophageal varices
- B. esophageal peptic ulcers
- C. mucosal tears at the esophagogastric junction
- D. iatrogenic perforation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The Mallory-Weiss syndrome is characterized by mucosal tears at the esophagogastric junction. This occurs due to forceful or prolonged vomiting causing the tears in the mucosa. Esophageal varices (A) are dilated veins in the esophagus typically associated with liver disease, not related to Mallory-Weiss syndrome. Esophageal peptic ulcers (B) are erosions in the lining of the esophagus caused by acid reflux or infection, not a characteristic of Mallory-Weiss syndrome. Iatrogenic perforation (D) refers to accidental perforation caused during a medical procedure, not related to Mallory-Weiss syndrome. Therefore, the correct answer is C as it directly correlates with the characteristic presentation of Mallory-Weiss syndrome.
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Which one of the connective tissue sheets listed below consists of two layers of serous membranes with a thin layer of connective tissue between them and attaches to the small intestine?
- A. lesser omentum
- B. mesentery proper
- C. greater omentum
- D. falciform ligament
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: mesentery proper. The mesentery proper consists of two layers of serous membranes with a thin layer of connective tissue between them, and it attaches to the small intestine. This structure provides support and allows for movement of the small intestine.
A: The lesser omentum attaches the stomach to the liver, not the small intestine.
C: The greater omentum is a large apron-like structure that hangs down from the stomach and covers the intestines, but it does not specifically attach to the small intestine.
D: The falciform ligament attaches the liver to the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall, not the small intestine.
Katrina is diagnosed with lactose intolerance. To avoid complications with lack of calcium in the diet, which food should be included in the diet?
- A. Fruit
- B. Whole grains
- C. Milk and cheese products
- D. Dark green, leafy vegetables
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Dark green, leafy vegetables. Dark green, leafy vegetables are a good source of calcium and can help Katrina meet her calcium needs without consuming milk and cheese products. Since Katrina is lactose intolerant, consuming milk and cheese products can lead to gastrointestinal issues due to the inability to digest lactose. Fruits and whole grains do not provide significant amounts of calcium compared to dark green, leafy vegetables. Therefore, including dark green, leafy vegetables in the diet is the best option to prevent complications from lack of calcium intake.
Bile salts:
- A. Protein emulsifier.
- B. Are needed by pancreatic amylase for carbohydrate digestion.
- C. Are produced by the liver from cholesterol.
- D. Increase lipid surface tension.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bile salts are produced by the liver from cholesterol.
Rationale:
1. Bile salts aid in the emulsification and digestion of fats, not proteins (A).
2. Pancreatic amylase is responsible for carbohydrate digestion, not bile salts (B).
3. The liver synthesizes bile salts from cholesterol to facilitate fat digestion and absorption (C).
4. Bile salts reduce lipid surface tension to form micelles, aiding in fat digestion, rather than increasing it (D).
Which of the following vitamins is not stored in the liver?
- A. C
- B. D
- C. B12
- D. A
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Vitamin C. Vitamin C is water-soluble and not stored in the liver. It gets absorbed in the intestines and any excess is excreted in the urine. Vitamin D (choice B) is fat-soluble and stored in the liver. Vitamin B12 (choice C) is also stored in the liver. Vitamin A (choice D) is fat-soluble and stored in the liver as well. Thus, the correct answer is A as it is the only water-soluble vitamin among the options.
What is the best advice for a patient with an ostomy regarding skin care?
- A. Avoid using skin barrier products, as they can cause irritation.
- B. Use a mild soap and water to clean the skin around the stoma.
- C. Only clean the stoma with alcohol wipes.
- D. Change the ostomy appliance every 24 hours.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Use a mild soap and water to clean the skin around the stoma. This is because gentle cleansing helps prevent skin irritation and infection. Cleaning with harsh products can damage the skin. Choice A is incorrect because skin barrier products are essential for protecting the skin. Choice C is incorrect as alcohol wipes can be too harsh and drying for the skin. Choice D is incorrect because ostomy appliances typically do not need to be changed daily unless there are specific issues.