Nokea
Which type of cell in the stomach secretes hydrochloric acid?
- A. parietal cells
- B. chief cells
- C. mucous cells
- D. enteric cells
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: parietal cells. Parietal cells are the specific type of cell in the stomach responsible for secreting hydrochloric acid. They play a crucial role in the digestion process by creating an acidic environment necessary for the activation of digestive enzymes and breakdown of food. Chief cells mainly produce pepsinogen, mucous cells secrete mucus for protection, and enteric cells are related to the enteric nervous system, not acid secretion in the stomach. Therefore, parietal cells are the correct choice for this question.
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The patient returned from a 6-week mission trip to Somalia with complaints of nausea, malaise, fatigue, and achy muscles. Which type of hepatitis is this patient most likely to have contracted?
- A. Hepatitis B (HBV)
- B. Hepatitis C (HCV)
- C. Hepatitis D (HDV)
- D. Hepatitis E (HEV)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Hepatitis E (HEV). The patient's symptoms of nausea, malaise, fatigue, and muscle aches are consistent with acute hepatitis, and HEV is commonly transmitted through contaminated water in developing countries like Somalia. Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) are more commonly transmitted through blood or body fluids. Hepatitis D (HDV) requires HBV for replication, making it less likely in this case. In summary, based on the patient's symptoms and travel history, Hepatitis E (HEV) is the most likely cause of the illness.
Which part of a tooth most closely resembles bone tissue?
- A. enamel
- B. cementum
- C. dentin
- D. gingiva
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: dentin. Dentin is the part of the tooth that closely resembles bone tissue because it is a hard, dense tissue similar to bone in composition and structure, providing support and protection to the tooth. Dentin is located beneath the enamel and cementum, forming the bulk of the tooth structure. Enamel (choice A) is the hardest tissue in the body but is not similar to bone tissue in composition. Cementum (choice B) is a hard tissue covering the roots of teeth but is not as similar to bone tissue as dentin. Gingiva (choice D) is the soft tissue that surrounds the teeth and is not similar to bone tissue.
Where does the majority of chemical digestion in the stomach occur?
- A. fundus and body
- B. cardia and fundus
- C. body and pylorus
- D. body
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The majority of chemical digestion in the stomach occurs in the fundus and body regions. These areas contain gastric glands that secrete hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen, which break down proteins. The fundus and body also mix and churn food to create chyme. The cardia and pylorus do not play a significant role in chemical digestion. The cardia is the entry point of the stomach and mainly responsible for food entry, while the pylorus regulates the release of chyme into the small intestine. The body region alone does not have as many gastric glands compared to the fundus and is mainly involved in mixing and storing food.
Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur in the digestive system?
- A. Mouth
- B. Stomach
- C. Small intestine
- D. Large intestine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The majority of nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine. Here's the rationale:
1. The small intestine is where most digestion and absorption of nutrients occur due to its large surface area.
2. Villi and microvilli in the small intestine increase the absorption surface for nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
3. Specific enzymes and bile are secreted in the small intestine to aid in the breakdown and absorption of nutrients.
4. The large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes, not nutrients.
In summary, the mouth is mainly for mechanical digestion, the stomach primarily digests food, and the large intestine absorbs water, making the small intestine the correct choice for nutrient absorption.
Katrina is diagnosed with lactose intolerance. To avoid complications with lack of calcium in the diet, which food should be included in the diet?
- A. Fruit
- B. Whole grains
- C. Milk and cheese products
- D. Dark green, leafy vegetables
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Dark green, leafy vegetables. Dark green, leafy vegetables are a good source of calcium and can help Katrina meet her calcium needs without consuming milk and cheese products. Since Katrina is lactose intolerant, consuming milk and cheese products can lead to gastrointestinal issues due to the inability to digest lactose. Fruits and whole grains do not provide significant amounts of calcium compared to dark green, leafy vegetables. Therefore, including dark green, leafy vegetables in the diet is the best option to prevent complications from lack of calcium intake.