Nokea
Calcium is actively absorbed by the small intestine and this is accelerated by
- A. sodium.
- B. the intrinsic factor.
- C. Vitamin D.
- D. Vitamin K.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Vitamin D. Vitamin D plays a crucial role in enhancing the absorption of calcium in the small intestine by promoting the synthesis of calcium-binding proteins. This process ensures adequate levels of calcium are absorbed efficiently. In contrast, choice A (sodium) does not directly impact calcium absorption, choice B (intrinsic factor) is involved in the absorption of vitamin B12, not calcium, and choice D (Vitamin K) is essential for blood clotting but not directly related to calcium absorption. Therefore, Vitamin D is the correct choice as it directly influences the active absorption of calcium in the small intestine.
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Which enzyme is primarily responsible for the digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine?
- A. Pepsin
- B. Lipase
- C. Amylase
- D. Trypsin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Amylase. Amylase is primarily responsible for digesting carbohydrates in the small intestine. It breaks down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars like maltose and glucose. Pepsin (A) is a stomach enzyme that breaks down proteins, not carbohydrates. Lipase (B) digests fats, not carbohydrates. Trypsin (D) is a pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins, not carbohydrates. Amylase is the only enzyme among the choices that specifically targets carbohydrates for digestion in the small intestine.
A client with ulcerative colitis, who experiences severe diarrhea, is prescribed a cleansing enema to relieve the symptoms. Which of the following interventions should the nurse consider at this stage?
- A. Question the physician about the use of the cleansing enema
- B. Educate the client about the procedure of cleansing enema
- C. Position the client comfortably to receive the cleansing enema
- D. Instruct the client to visit the toilet before receiving the enema
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Question the physician about the use of the cleansing enema. In this scenario, the nurse should question the physician because administering a cleansing enema to a client with ulcerative colitis and severe diarrhea can potentially exacerbate the condition. The nurse needs to verify if the enema is the appropriate intervention and if there are alternative treatments that may be safer and more effective.
Summary:
- Choice B: Educating the client about the procedure does not address the potential risks of administering the enema.
- Choice C: Positioning the client comfortably is important but does not address the appropriateness of the enema.
- Choice D: Instructing the client to visit the toilet before the enema does not address the potential risks associated with the procedure.
It is true to say the following about the motility of the gastrointestinal system:
- A. It is regulated neurally but not by hormones
- B. Emptying of the stomach is mainly by segmentation contractions
- C. Movement of chyme along the small intestine is mainly by the migrating motor complex
- D. Peristalsis is seen in most parts of the GIT
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because peristalsis, a coordinated muscle contraction that propels food along the gastrointestinal tract, is indeed seen in most parts of the GIT. This process helps move food from the esophagus to the stomach, and then throughout the intestines for digestion and absorption. Peristalsis is essential for the proper functioning of the digestive system.
Choice A is incorrect because gastrointestinal motility is regulated by both neural and hormonal factors. Choice B is incorrect as the emptying of the stomach is mainly facilitated by the rhythmic contractions of the stomach muscles, not segmentation contractions. Choice C is incorrect as the movement of chyme along the small intestine is primarily due to segmentation and peristalsis, not the migrating motor complex.
The liver contains special blood channels termed _____.
- A. sinusoids
- B. central vein
- C. hepatic cells
- D. portal veins
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: sinusoids. Sinusoids are specialized blood channels found in the liver that allow for the exchange of nutrients, waste products, and toxins between hepatocytes and blood. They play a crucial role in the liver's functions of detoxification, metabolism, and storage. Central vein (B) is a vessel located in the center of liver lobules, not a blood channel. Hepatic cells (C) refer to the liver cells themselves, not blood channels. Portal veins (D) are vessels that bring blood from the digestive organs to the liver, but they are not the special blood channels within the liver.
The following belong together except which one?
- A. small intestine
- B. large intestine
- C. plicae circulares
- D. crypts of Lieberkuhn
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: large intestine. The small intestine, plicae circulares, and crypts of Lieberkuhn are all structures found in the small intestine, involved in absorption and digestion. The large intestine is a separate part of the digestive system primarily responsible for water absorption and waste elimination. Therefore, it does not belong with the other choices related to the small intestine.