Nokea
Which statement accurately describes vitamin deficiencies?
- A. The two nutrients most often lacking in the diet of a vegan are vitamin B6 and folic acid.
- B. Vitamin imbalances occur frequently in the United States because of excessive fat intake.
- C. Surgery on the GI tract may contribute to vitamin deficiencies because of impaired absorption.
- D. Vitamin deficiencies in adults most commonly are clinically manifested by disorders of the skin.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because surgery on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can impair the absorption of essential vitamins leading to deficiencies. This is due to the fact that many vitamins are absorbed in the GI tract, and any alteration or removal of parts of the tract can hinder this process. For example, surgeries like gastric bypass can reduce the absorption of certain vitamins such as B12.
Choice A is incorrect because vegan diets can be deficient in various nutrients, not just vitamin B6 and folic acid.
Choice B is incorrect because vitamin imbalances are not solely due to excessive fat intake but can also be caused by various factors.
Choice D is incorrect because while skin disorders can be a symptom of vitamin deficiencies, they are not the most common clinical manifestation in adults.
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Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur in the digestive system?
- A. Mouth
- B. Stomach
- C. Small intestine
- D. Large intestine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The majority of nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine. Here's the rationale:
1. The small intestine is where most digestion and absorption of nutrients occur due to its large surface area.
2. Villi and microvilli in the small intestine increase the absorption surface for nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
3. Specific enzymes and bile are secreted in the small intestine to aid in the breakdown and absorption of nutrients.
4. The large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes, not nutrients.
In summary, the mouth is mainly for mechanical digestion, the stomach primarily digests food, and the large intestine absorbs water, making the small intestine the correct choice for nutrient absorption.
Which one of the connective tissue sheets listed below consists of two layers of serous membranes with a thin layer of connective tissue between them and attaches to the small intestine?
- A. lesser omentum
- B. mesentery proper
- C. greater omentum
- D. falciform ligament
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: mesentery proper. The mesentery proper consists of two layers of serous membranes with a thin layer of connective tissue between them, and it attaches to the small intestine. This structure provides support and allows for movement of the small intestine.
A: The lesser omentum attaches the stomach to the liver, not the small intestine.
C: The greater omentum is a large apron-like structure that hangs down from the stomach and covers the intestines, but it does not specifically attach to the small intestine.
D: The falciform ligament attaches the liver to the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall, not the small intestine.
Which of these structures is responsible for the production of bile?
- A. pancreas
- B. liver
- C. gallbladder
- D. small intestine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: liver. The liver is responsible for the production of bile, which is a greenish-yellow fluid that aids in digestion by emulsifying fats. Bile is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder (not produced by it). The pancreas produces digestive enzymes, not bile. The small intestine is where bile is released to help with the digestion of fats, but it is not responsible for its production. Therefore, the liver is the correct answer as it is the primary organ involved in bile production.
Which of these processes occurs throughout most of the alimentary canal?
- A. ingestion
- B. propulsion
- C. segmentation
- D. absorption
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: propulsion. Propulsion is the process of moving food along the alimentary canal through peristalsis, which is the contraction and relaxation of muscles in the digestive tract. This process occurs throughout most of the alimentary canal, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Ingestion (choice A) occurs at the beginning of the digestive process when food enters the mouth. Segmentation (choice C) is a mixing movement that occurs mainly in the small intestine to aid in digestion. Absorption (choice D) takes place primarily in the small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. Therefore, propulsion is the correct answer as it is the continuous movement of food along the digestive tract.
The nurse has completed initial instruction with a patient regarding a weight-loss program. Which patient comment indicates to the nurse that the teaching has been effective?
- A. I will keep a diary of daily weight to illustrate my weight loss.'
- B. I plan to lose 4 lb a week until I have lost the 60 lb I want to lose.'
- C. I should not exercise more than what is required so I don't increase my appetite.'
- D. I plan to join a behavior modification group to help establish long-term behavior changes.'
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because it demonstrates the patient's understanding of the importance of behavior modification for long-term weight loss success. By joining a behavior modification group, the patient shows a commitment to changing habits and lifestyle, which is crucial for sustained weight loss.
Choice A focuses on tracking weight loss progress, which is important but does not necessarily indicate a deep understanding of behavior change. Choice B sets unrealistic weight loss goals that may not be safe or sustainable. Choice C shows a misconception about exercise and appetite, indicating a potential misunderstanding of weight loss principles.
In summary, choice D is correct because it reflects a holistic approach to weight loss that includes addressing behavior patterns, while the other choices either focus on surface-level strategies or misunderstand key concepts related to weight loss.