Nokea
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for the digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine?
- A. Pepsin
- B. Lipase
- C. Amylase
- D. Trypsin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Amylase. Amylase is primarily responsible for digesting carbohydrates in the small intestine. It breaks down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars like maltose and glucose. Pepsin (A) is a stomach enzyme that breaks down proteins, not carbohydrates. Lipase (B) digests fats, not carbohydrates. Trypsin (D) is a pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins, not carbohydrates. Amylase is the only enzyme among the choices that specifically targets carbohydrates for digestion in the small intestine.
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Mandy, an adolescent girl is admitted to an acute care facility with severe malnutrition. After a thorough examination, the physician diagnoses anorexia nervosa. When developing the plan of care for this client, the nurse is most likely to include which nursing diagnosis?
- A. Hopelessness
- B. Powerlessness
- C. Chronic low self-esteem
- D. Deficient knowledge
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Chronic low self-esteem. In anorexia nervosa, individuals often have distorted body image and low self-esteem, which contributes to their disordered eating behavior. By addressing the nursing diagnosis of chronic low self-esteem, the nurse can focus on interventions to help improve the client's self-worth and body image perception.
A: Hopelessness may be present in anorexia nervosa but chronic low self-esteem is more directly related to the disorder.
B: Powerlessness is not the primary nursing diagnosis in anorexia nervosa; it may be a secondary issue.
D: Deficient knowledge is not the main nursing diagnosis in anorexia nervosa; clients generally have knowledge about their condition but struggle with self-image and self-esteem.
Where does the majority of chemical digestion in the stomach occur?
- A. fundus and body
- B. cardia and fundus
- C. body and pylorus
- D. body
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The majority of chemical digestion in the stomach occurs in the fundus and body regions. These areas contain gastric glands that secrete hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen, which break down proteins. The fundus and body also mix and churn food to create chyme. The cardia and pylorus do not play a significant role in chemical digestion. The cardia is the entry point of the stomach and mainly responsible for food entry, while the pylorus regulates the release of chyme into the small intestine. The body region alone does not have as many gastric glands compared to the fundus and is mainly involved in mixing and storing food.
Which part of a tooth most closely resembles bone tissue?
- A. enamel
- B. cementum
- C. dentin
- D. gingiva
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: dentin. Dentin is the part of the tooth that closely resembles bone tissue because it is a hard, dense tissue similar to bone in composition and structure, providing support and protection to the tooth. Dentin is located beneath the enamel and cementum, forming the bulk of the tooth structure. Enamel (choice A) is the hardest tissue in the body but is not similar to bone tissue in composition. Cementum (choice B) is a hard tissue covering the roots of teeth but is not as similar to bone tissue as dentin. Gingiva (choice D) is the soft tissue that surrounds the teeth and is not similar to bone tissue.
A nurse is caring for a client who reports having chronic constipation. Which of the following herbal supplements should the nurse recommend?
- A. Ginseng
- B. Coenzyme Q-10
- C. Cranberry juice
- D. Flaxseed
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Flaxseed. Flaxseed is rich in fiber, which helps promote bowel regularity and relieve constipation. The insoluble fiber in flaxseed adds bulk to stool, making it easier to pass. Ginseng (A) is not typically used for constipation. Coenzyme Q-10 (B) is not known to alleviate constipation. Cranberry juice (C) is more commonly used for urinary tract health, not constipation. Flaxseed is the best choice due to its high fiber content and effectiveness in promoting regular bowel movements.
The liver contains special blood channels termed _____.
- A. sinusoids
- B. central vein
- C. hepatic cells
- D. portal veins
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: sinusoids. Sinusoids are specialized blood channels found in the liver that allow for the exchange of nutrients, waste products, and toxins between hepatocytes and blood. They play a crucial role in the liver's functions of detoxification, metabolism, and storage. Central vein (B) is a vessel located in the center of liver lobules, not a blood channel. Hepatic cells (C) refer to the liver cells themselves, not blood channels. Portal veins (D) are vessels that bring blood from the digestive organs to the liver, but they are not the special blood channels within the liver.