Nokea
A client has to undergo a barium enema for a suspected GI disorder. During the test, he experiences a strong urge to defecate and seeks the nurse's advice. Which of the following should the nurse do?
- A. Advise him to clear his bowel immediately
- B. Assure him that most people can retain the urge
- C. Give him analgesics to relieve him of the urge
- D. Instruct him to drink plenty of fluids
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Assure him that most people can retain the urge. The rationale is as follows:
1. Retaining the urge during a barium enema is common due to the pressure from the barium solution.
2. Advising the client to clear his bowel immediately is incorrect because it may disrupt the test.
3. Giving analgesics to relieve the urge is incorrect as it does not address the issue.
4. Instructing to drink plenty of fluids is incorrect as it does not help in managing the urge.
In summary, choice B is correct as it reassures the client and helps maintain the integrity of the test.
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The absorption of fructose by intestinal mucosa is
- A. co- transport mechanism
- B. simple diffusion
- C. facilitated transport
- D. active transport
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: facilitated transport. Fructose is absorbed through facilitated diffusion using specific carrier proteins in the intestinal mucosa. This process does not require energy input and allows fructose to move down its concentration gradient. Unlike active transport (requiring energy) and co-transport mechanisms (involving multiple substances), fructose absorption occurs through facilitated transport by specific carrier proteins. Simple diffusion is not the main mechanism for fructose absorption due to its hydrophilic nature. Thus, facilitated transport best describes how fructose is absorbed by the intestinal mucosa.
The nurse is caring for multiple patients. The nurse determines that which patient has the highest risk for developing gallstones?
- A. A 37-year-old white man of normal weight on long-term corticosteroids for asthm
- B. A 42-year-old African American man of normal weight who has smoked for 25 years.
- C. A 46-year-old Indonesian woman who is under normal weight and has recently had radiation treatments.
- D. A 50-year-old obese Mexican American woman who has type 1 diabetes.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because obesity and type 1 diabetes are known risk factors for developing gallstones. Obesity leads to increased cholesterol production in the liver, which can contribute to gallstone formation. Type 1 diabetes can also increase the risk of gallstones due to impaired gallbladder function. Both factors combined in the 50-year-old obese Mexican American woman put her at the highest risk for developing gallstones.
Choice A is less likely as long-term corticosteroid use for asthma is not a major risk factor for gallstones. Choice B, smoking, is a risk factor but not as significant as obesity and diabetes in this context. Choice C, recent radiation treatment and being underweight, are not as strongly associated with gallstone formation compared to obesity and diabetes.
Surface area of the stomach is increased by
- A. gastric pits.
- B. plicae circulares.
- C. villi.
- D. microvilli.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: gastric pits. Gastric pits are invaginations in the stomach lining that contain specialized cells for secretion of gastric juices. These pits increase the surface area of the stomach by providing a larger area for nutrient absorption and digestion. Plicae circulares are folds in the small intestine, not the stomach. Villi and microvilli are found in the small intestine and further increase surface area for absorption, not in the stomach.
The _____ part of the stomach is the area that is connected to the esophagus.
- A. cardiac
- B. pyloric
- C. fundus
- D. body
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: cardiac. The cardiac part of the stomach is the region closest to the esophagus where food enters the stomach. It contains the cardiac sphincter, a muscular valve that regulates the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach. The other choices, pyloric, fundus, and body, are incorrect because the pyloric region connects the stomach to the small intestine, the fundus is the top portion of the stomach, and the body is the main central region of the stomach where most digestion occurs.
Which part of a tooth most closely resembles bone tissue?
- A. enamel
- B. cementum
- C. dentin
- D. gingiva
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: dentin. Dentin is the part of the tooth that closely resembles bone tissue because it is a hard, dense tissue similar to bone in composition and structure, providing support and protection to the tooth. Dentin is located beneath the enamel and cementum, forming the bulk of the tooth structure. Enamel (choice A) is the hardest tissue in the body but is not similar to bone tissue in composition. Cementum (choice B) is a hard tissue covering the roots of teeth but is not as similar to bone tissue as dentin. Gingiva (choice D) is the soft tissue that surrounds the teeth and is not similar to bone tissue.