Nokea
Clinical case of JE was first reported in
- A. 1976
- B. 1978
- C. 1980
- D. 1982
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The first clinical case of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) in Nepal was reported in 1976.
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Which of the following is the best indicator of health status of a community?
- A. Birth rate
- B. Infant mortality rate
- C. Crude death rate
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is widely regarded as a sensitive indicator of the health status of a community, reflecting access to healthcare, nutrition, and living conditions.
Which surveillance can watch for disease before patient seeks care?
- A. Surveillance based on a specific case definition for a disease(e.g., listeriosis).
- B. Syndromic surveillance based on symptoms, signs, or other characteristics of a disease.
- C. Both.
- D. Neither.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Syndromic surveillance detects outbreaks based on early symptoms reported even before patients seek medical care.
Two automated blood cell counters are tested twice using a prepared suspension of leukocytes containing 8,000 cells/mm3. The cell counts by device A are 8,400 cells/mm3 the first time and 8,350 cells/mm3 the second. Device B's counts are 8,200 and 7,850 cells/mm3, respectively. Which device(A or B) gives leukocyte counts with greater validity?
- A. Device A
- B. Device B
- C. Both devices have equal validity
- D. Neither device is valid
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Validity refers to how close the measurements are to the true value (8,000 cells/mm3). Device A's measurements (8,400 and 8,350) are closer to the true value than Device B's (8,200 and 7,850).
The balancing equation is
- A. P1+(B-D)+(I-E)=P2
- B. P1-(B-D)-(I-E)=P2
- C. P2+(B-D)+(I-E)=P1
- D. P1+P1(B-D)+P1(I-E)=P2
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The balancing equation for population change is P1 + (B-D) + (I-E) = P2, where B is births, D is deaths, I is in-migration, and E is out-migration.
The geometric mean is the value that:
- A. Is midway between the lowest and highest value on a log scale
- B. Occurs most often on a log scale
- C. Has half the observations below it and half above it on a log scale
- D. Is statistically closest to all of the values in the distribution on a log scale
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Geometric mean finds the central tendency for a set of numbers by using the product of their values.