Nokea
Clinical diagnosis of polyhydramnios is based on an amount of amniotic fluid exceeding
- A. 1500 ml
- B. 3000 ml
- C. 1900 ml
- D. 2500 ml
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 3000 ml. Polyhydramnios is diagnosed when the amniotic fluid volume exceeds 2000-3000 ml. This amount is considered excessive and can indicate various maternal or fetal health conditions. Choice A (1500 ml) is too low to qualify as polyhydramnios. Choice C (1900 ml) falls within the normal range of amniotic fluid volume. Choice D (2500 ml) is close to the threshold but may not always be considered excessive. Therefore, the correct diagnosis of polyhydramnios is based on an amniotic fluid volume exceeding 3000 ml.
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A clinical feature that is indicative of transient tachypnea of the newborn is
- A. Rapid respirations of up to 120/minute
- B. There’s marked recession of the rib cage
- C. Mostly common following a normal delivery
- D. Diminished respirations of less than 40/minute
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Transient tachypnea of the newborn is characterized by rapid respirations due to delayed reabsorption of fetal lung fluid.
Step 2: Rapid respirations of up to 120/minute is a common clinical feature seen in newborns with transient tachypnea.
Step 3: This rapid breathing pattern distinguishes it from other conditions.
Step 4: Marked recession of the rib cage is more indicative of respiratory distress syndrome.
Step 5: Transient tachypnea can occur in both normal and cesarean deliveries, so choice C is incorrect.
Step 6: Diminished respirations of less than 40/minute would not be expected in transient tachypnea.
Summary: Choice A is correct because rapid respirations are a key clinical feature of transient tachypnea, while the other choices do not align with its characteristic presentation.
How can maternal obesity be managed during pregnancy to improve outcomes?
- A. Regular exercise
- B. A balanced diet
- C. Monitoring weight gain
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, All of the above. Regular exercise helps control weight gain and improves maternal health. A balanced diet provides essential nutrients for both mother and baby. Monitoring weight gain ensures healthy weight management. Combining all three strategies optimizes outcomes by reducing risks associated with maternal obesity, such as gestational diabetes and hypertension. Each option plays a crucial role in managing maternal obesity during pregnancy for better overall health and well-being.
Which of the following statements is true with respect to adrenal tumors that produce gender symptoms?
- A. Feminizing adrenal tumors are almost always carcinomas
- B. Feminizing adrenal tumors are the most common type of adrenal tumor
- C. Virilizing tumors in women are most often localized to the adrenal cortex
- D. Virilizing adrenal tumors are more likely to be malignant in children
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because virilizing adrenal tumors are more likely to be malignant in children. This is due to the fact that virilizing tumors can be associated with conditions like adrenocortical carcinoma, which is a malignant tumor. In contrast, feminizing adrenal tumors are not always carcinomas (choice A) and are not the most common type of adrenal tumor (choice B). Additionally, virilizing tumors in women can be localized to different parts of the adrenal gland, not just the cortex (choice C). Therefore, choice D is the most accurate statement among the options provided.
Positive fasting blood sugar and oral glucose tolerance test, as well as being symptomatic, is diagnostic of
- A. Potential diabetes mellitus
- B. Gestational diabetes mellitus
- C. Clinical diabetes mellitus
- D. Chemical diabetes mellitus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, Gestational diabetes mellitus. This condition is diagnosed when a pregnant woman exhibits symptoms of diabetes and has elevated fasting blood sugar and abnormal oral glucose tolerance test results. This specific combination of symptoms and test results during pregnancy points towards gestational diabetes mellitus.
A: Potential diabetes mellitus - Incorrect. The symptoms combined with abnormal test results suggest an active condition, not potential.
C: Clinical diabetes mellitus - Incorrect. While the symptoms and test results indicate diabetes, the context of pregnancy suggests gestational diabetes.
D: Chemical diabetes mellitus - Incorrect. This term is not commonly used in medical practice and does not specifically address the condition in the given scenario.
Inadequate levels of surfactant in a neonate leads to a condition referred to as
- A. Meconium aspiration syndrome
- B. Intranatal pneumonia
- C. Respiratory distress syndrome
- D. Congenital pneumothorax
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Respiratory distress syndrome. Surfactant is essential for reducing surface tension in the alveoli, preventing their collapse. Inadequate levels of surfactant in a neonate result in respiratory distress syndrome. Meconium aspiration syndrome (A) is due to inhalation of meconium by the neonate. Intranatal pneumonia (B) is an infection acquired during birth. Congenital pneumothorax (D) is the presence of air in the pleural space, not directly related to surfactant levels.