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Common methods of identifying additional cases (expanding surveillance) as part of an outbreak investigation include:
- A. Advising the public through newspapers, TV, radio, and the health department's website to contact the local health department
- B. Asking case-patients who they were with at the time of exposure (if known)
- C. Sending a fax to healthcare providers
- D. Telephoning the infection control practitioners at local hospitals
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Public advisories help identify potential cases and expand surveillance effectively.
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You are conducting a study of insulin resistance and its relationship to body weight. Using a weight scale as your instrument to measure body weight, you find the scale always reads 30 kg regardless of who is standing on it. Discuss the validity and reliability of the scale.
- A. The scale is reliable but not valid.
- B. The scale is neither reliable nor valid.
- C. The scale is valid but not reliable.
- D. The scale is both reliable and valid.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Reliability refers to consistency of the measurement, which this scale demonstrates by consistently reading 30 kg. However, validity refers to accuracy, which this scale lacks since it does not measure true weight.
The LD50 of highly toxic substance is.... mg/ kg.
- A. less than 1
- B. Jan-50
- C. 51-500
- D. 50-500
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Highly toxic substances have an LD50 value of less than 1 mg/kg, indicating extreme toxicity.
Describe the overall trends reflected in the chart.
- A. Cyclical increases followed by declines
- B. Steady increase over time
- C. Steady decline over time
- D. Random fluctuations with no pattern
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pertussis exhibits cyclical patterns due to waning immunity and vaccination coverage.
Denominator of prenatal mortality is
- A. Number of live births
- B. Number of deliveries (live and still births)
- C. Live births— still births
- D. Number of still births
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Prenatal mortality includes both live and still births, making the total number of deliveries the appropriate denominator.
The best estimate of the association between wedding cake and illness is:
- A. 6.1
- B. 7.7
- C. 68.4
- D. 83.7
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Calculated odds ratio reflects the strength of association.