Nokea
Common pathogens in the sputum of CF patients are:
- A. Pseudomonas
- B. Staphylococcus epidermidis
- C. Staphylococcus aureus
- D. Burkholderia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because Pseudomonas is the most common pathogen in CF patients. The other options (b-e) are less common.
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Paroxysmal hypercyanotic attacks (hypoxic, blue, or tet spells) are a particular problem during the lst 2 yr of life. They are characterized by
- A. early evening occurrence
- B. an increase in intensity of the systolic murmur
- C. unpredictable onset
- D. metabolic alkalosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Unpredictable onset and metabolic alkalosis are common features of tet spells.
Regarding reflex anoxic seizures in children:
- A. ECG-rhythm strip is a must
- B. Asystole may be associated
- C. There is increased risk of epilepsy in adults
- D. Carbamazepine is the drug of choice
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Reflex anoxic seizures in children are often triggered by a sudden noxious stimulus leading to transient asystole (cessation of heart activity). An ECG-rhythm strip is not always necessary there is no increased risk of epilepsy in adults and carbamazepine is not the drug of choice. Trauma can be a precipitating factor but the most relevant option is asystole.
Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding shock?
- A. In cardiogenic shock systemic vascular resistance is high
- B. In hypovolemic shock pulmonary capillary wedge pressure is reduced
- C. In distributive shock central venous pressure is increased
- D. In hypovolemic shock mean arterial pressure is normal
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In hypovolemic shock
Anthracycline (doxorubicin) on rare occasion causes acute inflammatory myocardial injury, but more classically results in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in up to 30% of patients with a cumulative dose of doxorubicin exceeding
- A. 250 mg/m²
- B. 350 mg/m²
- C. 450 mg/m²
- D. 550 mg/m²
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A cumulative dose of doxorubicin exceeding 550 mg/m² is associated with increased risk of dilated cardiomyopathy.
During play, a toddler with a history of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) might assume which position?
- A. Sitting
- B. Supine
- C. Squatting
- D. Standing
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Squatting naturally increases SVR by occluding venous return from the lower extremities, thereby increasing pulmonary blood flow.