Nokea
Complete the following sentence: Hormones are chemical messengers that…
- A. Remain at a constant concentration in the blood
- B. Are synthesised by plasma proteins
- C. Are only produced after puberty
- D. Alter the activity of target tissues
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because hormones alter the activity of target tissues to regulate various physiological processes in the body. Hormones act on specific receptors in target tissues to initiate a response. Option A is incorrect because hormone levels fluctuate to maintain homeostasis. Option B is incorrect because hormones are typically synthesized by endocrine glands, not plasma proteins. Option C is incorrect because hormones are produced throughout life, not just after puberty.
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A nurse is teaching a client regarding a hormone that is released by beta islet cells in the pancreas. Which hormone is it?
- A. Progesterone
- B. Glucagon
- C. Insulin
- D. Parathormone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Insulin is released by beta cells in the pancreas and helps regulate blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells.
A patient with SIADH is treated with water restriction. What does the patient experience when the nurse determines that treatment has been effective?
- A. Increased urine output, decreased serum sodium, and increased urine specific gravity
- B. Increased urine output, increased serum sodium, and decreased urine specific gravity
- C. Decreased urine output, increased serum sodium, and decreased urine specific gravity
- D. Decreased urine output, decreased serum sodium, and increased urine specific gravity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Effective water restriction in SIADH leads to increased urine output, increased serum sodium, and a decrease in urine specific gravity due to dehydration correction.
Mr. Johnson received his first dose of Lente insulin at 7:30 A.M. When should he be observed for signs of hypoglycemia?
- A. 10-11 A.M.
- B. 4-6 P.M.
- C. Between 2 A.M. and breakfast
- D. Immediately after the injection
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Lente insulin has an onset of action that typically peaks 4-6 hours after injection, so this is when signs of hypoglycemia are most likely to occur.
Propranolol produces all of the following actions EXCEPT:
- A. Negative inotropic effect
- B. Negative chronotropic effect
- C. Slowing of A-V conduction
- D. Bronchodilation in asthmatic patients
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker which primarily affects the heart. Bronchodilation is not a common effect of propranolol due to its non-selectivity for beta-2 receptors in the lungs. Therefore, choice D is the correct answer. Choices A, B, and C are correct because propranolol typically causes negative inotropic effect (reduced force of heart contraction), negative chronotropic effect (slowing of heart rate), and slowing of A-V conduction (delay in electrical signal between atria and ventricles), respectively.
In its action in cells, aldosterone
- A. increases transport of ENaCs from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane
- B. does not act on the cell membrane
- C. binds to a receptor excluded from the nucleus
- D. may activate a heat shock protein
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because aldosterone increases the transport of epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs) from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane. This process leads to enhanced sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, promoting water retention and increasing blood pressure. Choices B and C are incorrect as aldosterone does act on the cell membrane and binds to a receptor located in the cytoplasm, which then translocates to the nucleus. Choice D is incorrect as aldosterone does not directly activate heat shock proteins.