Nokea
Constipation is characterized by decrease in the frequency or passage of stools the formation of hard, dry stools usually due to some disease except:
- A. Anal fissure
- B. Imperforate anus
- C. Pyloric stenosis
- D. Hirschsprung's disease.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Pyloric stenosis causes vomiting due to gastric outlet obstruction, not constipation. The other conditions (anal fissure, imperforate anus, Hirschsprung’s disease) are directly linked to constipation or stool passage issues.
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You are the clinician on duty at Rabuor health centre when a mother is brought by relatives having delivered at home 2 days ago. When you examine the baby you find a tiny infant weighing $1800 \mathrm{~g}$. The baby is cold with bluish lips and a weak cry. List 4 signs of prematurity. What is one sign?
- A. Low birth weight (<2500 g)
- B. High birth weight (>4000 g)
- C. Thick skin with vernix
- D. Strong sucking reflex
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Low birth weight (<2500 g) is a hallmark sign of prematurity, consistent with this baby’s 1800 g weight.
Which of the following nursing diagnoses would be inappropriate for the infant with gastroesophageal reflux (GER)?
- A. Fluid volume deficit
- B. Risk for aspiration
- C. Altered nutrition: less than body requirements
- D. Altered oral mucous membranes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: GER is the backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus resulting from relaxation or incompetence of the lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter. No alteration in the oral mucous membranes occurs with this disorder.
In a routine prenatal visit, the nurse examining a patient who is 37 weeks pregnant notices that the fetal heart rate (FHR) has dropped to 120 beats/min from a rate of 160 beats/min earlier in the pregnancy. What is the nurses first action?
- A. Ask if the patient has taken a sedative.
- B. Notify the physician.
- C. Turn the patient to her right side.
- D. Record the rate as a normal finding.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The FHR at term ranges from a low of 110 to 120 beats/min to a high of 150 to 160 beats/min. This should be recorded as normal. The FHR drops in the late stages of pregnancy.
Which of the following clinical assessment would most likely be demonstrated in severe dehydration?
- A. Pale skin turgor
- B. Normal skin turgor
- C. Marked oliguria
- D. Normal blood pressure
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Severe dehydration is marked by reduced urine output (oliguria) due to significant fluid loss, a key clinical sign, unlike normal skin turgor or blood pressure which deteriorate later.
An urban area has been reported to have a high perinatal mortality rate. What information does this provide?
- A. Maternal and infant deaths per 100,000 live births per year
- B. Deaths of fetuses weighing more than $500 \mathrm{~g}$ per 10,000 births per year
- C. Deaths of infants up to 1 year of age per 1000 live births per year
- D. Fetal and neonatal deaths per 1000 live births per year
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The perinatal mortality rate includes fetal and neonatal deaths per 1000 live births per year.