Nokea
Contributing features to renal osteodystrophy include:
- A. Hypophosphataemia
- B. Hyperparathyroidism
- C. Increased loss of calcium in the kidney
- D. Hypoalbuminaemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperparathyroidism is a key contributor to renal osteodystrophy due to secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease.
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The most common indication of heart transplantation in the neonate is
- A. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
- B. Hypoplastic right heart syndrome
- C. Severe Ebstein's anomaly
- D. Dilated cardiomyopathy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is the most common indication for heart transplantation in neonates.
The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner is performing a sports physical on an adolescent whose history reveals mild aortic stenosis (AS). What will the nurse practitioner recommend?
- A. Avoidance of all sports to prevent sudden death
- B. Clearance for any sports since this is mild
- C. Evaluation by a cardiologist prior to participation
- D. Low-intensity sports
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Children with mild AS may participate in any sport but must have annual cardiac evaluations.
Regarding IUGR:
- A. GH deficiency is a recognised complication in later life
- B. Abdominal circumference measured by USG is a diagnostic parameter
- C. Perinatal morbidity is higher in asymmetric IUGR
- D. Nutritional factor is the commonest cause of IUGR in the UK
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Abdominal circumference measured by ultrasound is a key diagnostic parameter for intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).
The following syndromes are caused by chromosomal abnormalities:
- A. Cri-du-chat syndrome
- B. Kearns-Sayre syndrome
- C. Marfan's syndrome
- D. Turner's syndrome
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Turner's syndrome: Turner's syndrome is caused by a monosomy of the X chromosome, characterized by short stature, infertility, and heart defects.
Commonly used anti-epileptic drugs in children include:
- A. Sodium valproate
- B. Lamotrigine
- C. Topiramate
- D. Phenytoin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because sodium valproate is a commonly used anti-epileptic drug in children. The other options (b-e) are also used but are not the most common first-line treatment.