Nokea
Cough and cold medications that contain a sympathomimetic decongestant such as phenylephrine should be used cautiously in what population:
- A. Older adults
- B. Hypertensive patients
- C. Infants
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Sympathomimetic decongestants like phenylephrine can raise blood pressure or cause adverse effects in older adults, hypertensives, and infants.
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The therapeutic goals when prescribing include(s):
- A. Curative
- B. Palliative
- C. Preventive
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Therapeutic goals can be curative, palliative, or preventive , depending on the patient's condition and needs.
Ototoxicity is more likely if aminoglycosides are administered with which of the following drug classes?
- A. Loop diuretics
- B. Metformin
- C. Vancomycin
- D. Cephalosporins
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Loop diuretics (e.g., furosemide) enhance aminoglycoside ototoxicity by increasing inner ear damage risk.
Adequate vitamin D is needed for:
- A. Absorption of calcium from the gastrointestinal tract
- B. Regulation of serum calcium levels
- C. Regulation of serum phosphate levels
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Vitamin D facilitates calcium absorption, regulates serum calcium, and maintains phosphate levels.
A 57-year-old man was recently diagnosed with Type-2 diabetes mellitus and placed on a medication. He began having myalgias and feeling sick and later developed respiratory distress, so he went to the hospital. His pH was 7.2, and he had elevated blood lactate levels. Which drug is likely causing his problem?
- A. Acarbose
- B. Glyburide
- C. Metformin
- D. Pioglitazone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Metformin can cause lactic acidosis, a rare but serious side effect, presenting with low pH and elevated lactate levels.
Scopolamine can be used to prevent the nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness. The patient is taught to:
- A. Apply the transdermal disk at least 4 hours before the antiemetic effect is desired.
- B. Swallow the tablet 1 hour before traveling where motion sickness is possible.
- C. Place the tablet under the tongue and allow it to dissolve.
- D. Change the transdermal disk daily for maximal effect.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Scopolamine patches require 4 hours for onset, making preemptive application key.