Nokea
Coxsackie Viruses can cause:
- A. Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
- B. Herpangina
- C. Mumps
- D. Poliomyelitis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Herpangina. Coxsackie Viruses are known to cause Herpangina, which is characterized by sore throat, fever, and painful blisters in the mouth and throat. This is because Coxsackie Viruses typically infect the throat and mouth mucosa. Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (A) is commonly caused by Adenoviruses, not Coxsackie Viruses. Mumps (C) is caused by the Mumps virus, a completely different virus. Poliomyelitis (D) is caused by the Poliovirus, not Coxsackie Viruses. Therefore, the correct answer is B as it aligns with the known pathogenicity of Coxsackie Viruses.
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Which of the following bacteria is known for causing dental caries (cavities)?
- A. Streptococcus mutans
- B. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- C. Bacillus anthracis
- D. Clostridium botulinum
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Streptococcus mutans is known for its ability to produce acids that contribute to the demineralization of tooth enamel, leading to dental caries.
Step 2: Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of respiratory infections, not dental caries.
Step 3: Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, a serious bacterial infection, not dental caries.
Step 4: Clostridium botulinum causes botulism, a severe form of food poisoning, not dental caries.
Summary: Streptococcus mutans is the correct answer as it is specifically associated with causing dental caries, while the other choices are linked to different diseases.
A wound culture revealed Gram-negative rods that are lactose non-fermenters. The bacteria were isolated from a patient with a deep tissue infection. What is the most likely microorganism?
- A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- B. Escherichia coli
- C. Salmonella typhi
- D. Shigella dysenteriae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pseudomonas aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa is a Gram-negative rod that is a lactose non-fermenter commonly associated with deep tissue infections. It is an opportunistic pathogen known for its ability to cause infections in immunocompromised individuals. P. aeruginosa is often resistant to multiple antibiotics and can form biofilms, making it difficult to treat.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
B: Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative rod that ferments lactose and is commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract. It is not typically associated with deep tissue infections.
C: Salmonella typhi is a Gram-negative rod that causes typhoid fever, primarily affecting the gastrointestinal system, not deep tissue infections.
D: Shigella dysenteriae is a Gram-negative rod that causes bacillary dysentery, which primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract and does not typically cause deep tissue infections.
For measles virus is true that:
- A. There is no outer membrane
- B. Contains singles-stranded RNA with negative polarity
- C. Belongs to family Togaviridae
- D. Cannot be grown on cell cultures
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Contains single-stranded RNA with negative polarity. Measles virus is an enveloped virus with a single-stranded RNA genome that is negative-sense. This means it must first be transcribed into positive-sense RNA before it can be translated. Choice A is incorrect as the measles virus does have an outer envelope. Choice C is incorrect as measles virus belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae, not Togaviridae. Choice D is incorrect as measles virus can be grown on cell cultures, specifically on Vero cells.
Bacteriological laboratory examines canned meat whether it contains botulinum toxin. For this purpose an extract of test specimen and antitoxic antibotulinic serum of A, B, E types were introduced to a group of mice under examination; a control group of mice got the extract without antibotulinic serum. What serological reaction was applied?
- A. Neutralization
- B. Precipitation
- C. Complement binding
- D. Double immune diffusion
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Neutralization. In this scenario, the antibotulinic serum of types A, B, and E were introduced to neutralize the botulinum toxin in the test specimen. The serological reaction applied here involves the neutralization of the toxin by the specific antibodies present in the serum. This process prevents the toxin from causing harm to the mice.
Summary of other choices:
B: Precipitation - This involves the formation of insoluble complexes between antigen and antibody, not the specific neutralization seen in this case.
C: Complement binding - This involves activation of the complement system leading to cell lysis, not the direct neutralization of toxin.
D: Double immune diffusion - This technique is used to determine the presence of specific antibodies or antigens based on their diffusion patterns, not the neutralization of toxin as seen in this scenario.
The cleaning of glassware and tableware in restaurants falls into the category of
- A. degermation.
- B. sterilization.
- C. disinfection.
- D. sanitization.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: sanitization. Sanitization is the process of reducing the number of microorganisms on surfaces to a safe level. In restaurants, cleaning glassware and tableware aims to eliminate harmful bacteria to prevent foodborne illnesses. Degermation (A) focuses on removing germs from a specific area, sterilization (B) eliminates all microorganisms, and disinfection (C) reduces the number of pathogens but may not completely eliminate them, making them less effective choices for this context.