Nokea
Currently, the most widely used potent teratogen is __________.
- A. aspirin
- B. diethylstilbestrol (DES)
- C. thalidomide
- D. isotretinoin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, isotretinoin. Isotretinoin is a medication commonly used to treat severe acne, but it is a potent teratogen, meaning it can cause severe birth defects if taken during pregnancy. Aspirin (choice A) is not a widely used potent teratogen. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) (choice B) was a known teratogen, but it is not currently widely used. Thalidomide (choice C) was another historical teratogen, but it is also not currently widely used. Therefore, isotretinoin is the most relevant answer as it is a commonly used medication that poses a high risk of birth defects if used during pregnancy.
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A combined Apgar score of __________ indicates that the infant is in good physical condition.
- A. less than 3
- B. 3 or 4
- C. 5 or 6
- D. 7 or better
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A combined Apgar score of 7 or better indicates that the infant is in good physical condition. The Apgar score is a quick assessment of a newborn's overall health shortly after birth. It evaluates the baby's heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflexes, and color. A score of 7 or higher indicates that the baby is adjusting well to life outside the womb. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they represent scores that indicate the infant may need medical attention or assistance as they are below the threshold of 7 which signifies good physical condition.
In the last weeks of pregnancy, __________.
- A. the fetus usually loses weight
- B. most fetuses assume an upside-down position
- C. fetal growth increases dramatically
- D. the fetus relies on its own well-developed immune system
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In the last weeks of pregnancy, most fetuses assume an upside-down position known as the head-down position or vertex presentation. This position is ideal for a smoother labor and delivery process as it helps the baby move through the birth canal. Fetal growth has already slowed down at this stage, so option C is incorrect. Option A is inaccurate as the fetus typically gains weight in the final weeks. Option D is incorrect because the fetus relies on the mother's immune system while in the womb.
Which mother is most likely to have had inadequate prenatal care?
- A. Lupe, age 25
- B. Marissa, age 32
- C. Rotunda, age 16
- D. Janette, age 40
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rotunda, age 16, is the most likely to have had inadequate prenatal care due to her young age and possibly limited access to healthcare resources and support. Adolescents are at higher risk for inadequate prenatal care compared to older mothers due to various factors such as lack of awareness, financial constraints, and inconsistent health behaviors. Young mothers may face challenges in seeking proper prenatal care due to reasons like lack of knowledge, fear of judgment, or limited financial means. Older mothers like Lupe, Marissa, and Janette are less likely to have inadequate prenatal care compared to a younger mother like Rotunda, as they may have more access to resources, experience, and support systems.
What did Ivan Pavlov discover?
- A. observational learning
- B. classical conditioning
- C. the ego's positive contributions to development
- D. the clinical method
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning. This is a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response. Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs, where he conditioned them to salivate at the sound of a bell, demonstrated this principle. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because Pavlov's work primarily focused on classical conditioning, not observational learning, ego contributions to development, or the clinical method.
Mounting evidence suggests that __________ is a major contributor to SIDS.
- A. impaired brain functioning
- B. higher-than-average birth weight
- C. organized and patterned sleep behavior
- D. a family history of chromosomal abnormalities
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Impaired brain functioning is a major contributor to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Research has shown that abnormalities in the brainstem, which controls automatic functions like breathing and heart rate, can play a role in SIDS cases. As such, mounting evidence suggests that compromised brain functioning is a significant factor in the occurrence of SIDS. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect. Higher-than-average birth weight, organized and patterned sleep behavior, and a family history of chromosomal abnormalities are not identified as major contributors to SIDS according to the provided information.