Nokea
Damage to the hippocampus is most likely to impair:
- A. memory
- B. balance
- C. sleep
- D. breathing
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The hippocampus is a brain structure critical for forming and retrieving memories, particularly long-term memories. Damage to the hippocampus, such as from injury or disease, can result in severe memory impairments, including the inability to form new memories (anterograde amnesia) or recall past events (retrograde amnesia). The hippocampus also plays a role in spatial navigation and contextual learning, making it essential for cognitive function.
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The following are neurotransmitters in the autonomic ganglia:
- A. GABA
- B. noradrenaline
- C. acetylcholine
- D. 5 HT
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter in autonomic ganglia, where it mediates synaptic transmission between pre- and post-ganglionic neurons. GABA, noradrenaline, and 5-HT are not involved in ganglionic transmission.
The home health nurse is caring for the client newly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Which client issue is of most importance?
- A. The client refuses to have a gastrostomy feeding.
- B. The client wants to discuss if she should tell her fiancé.
- C. The client tells the nurse life is not worth living anymore
- D. The client needs the flu and pneumonia vaccines.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Expressing feelings of hopelessness or suicidal ideation requires immediate intervention to ensure the client's safety and provide emotional support.
Which is the most common neurotransmitter in the brain?
- A. serotonin
- B. glutamate
- C. dopamine
- D. GABA
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and is involved in nearly all excitatory brain functions. It plays a key role in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. Glutamate binds to receptors on postsynaptic neurons, promoting the transmission of signals. However, excessive glutamate activity can lead to excitotoxicity, causing neuronal damage and contributing to conditions like stroke and neurodegenerative diseases.
The lateral spinothalamic tract:
- A. carries fibres which terminate in the thalamus
- B. contains mainly the second-order neurones.
- C. carries fibres that carry information on temperature and pain
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The lateral spinothalamic tract carries second-order neurons transmitting pain and temperature information to the thalamus. It is a critical pathway for sensory perception and is involved in relaying these sensations to higher brain centers.
The causes of somatic system disorders may be related to:
- A. faulty perceptions of body sensations.
- B. traumatic childhood events.
- C. culture-bound phenomena.
- D. mood instability.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Somatic system disorders involve physical symptoms with no apparent medical cause.
Step 2: Faulty perceptions of body sensations can lead to exaggerated or misinterpreted physical symptoms.
Step 3: This can result in somatic system disorders like hypochondriasis or somatic symptom disorder.
Step 4: Traumatic childhood events (choice B) may contribute to psychological disorders but are not specific to somatic system disorders.
Step 5: Culture-bound phenomena (choice C) and mood instability (choice D) are not primary causes of somatic system disorders.
Summary: The correct answer is A because faulty perceptions of body sensations can directly contribute to somatic system disorders, while the other choices are not directly related to the development of these disorders.