Nokea
Damage to the phrenic nerves would
- A. increase respiratory rate
- B. increase the tidal volume
- C. force reliance on costal breathing
- D. result in greater pressure differences between the lungs and the outside air
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Damage to the phrenic nerves would result in the inability to fully expand the diaphragm, leading to reliance on costal breathing. This is because the phrenic nerves innervate the diaphragm, the main muscle of respiration. Without proper diaphragmatic function, the individual would have difficulty engaging in effective diaphragmatic breathing. Therefore, choice C is correct.
Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because damage to the phrenic nerves would not directly impact the respiratory rate, tidal volume, or pressure differences between the lungs and the outside air. These functions are more related to overall respiratory control and lung mechanics, which are not solely dependent on the phrenic nerves.
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Rectal respiration is seen in
- A. Cockroach
- B. Spider
- C. Niads of Dragon fly
- D. Water flea
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rectal respiration in insects involves the exchange of gases through the anus. The correct answer is C, Niads of Dragonfly, as they have specialized structures called rectal gills for respiration. Cockroach (A), Spider (B), and Water flea (D) do not possess rectal gills or exhibit rectal respiration. Cockroaches have spiracles for respiration, spiders have book lungs or tracheal systems, and water fleas have gills located elsewhere on their bodies. Thus, only Niads of Dragonfly demonstrate rectal respiration, making it the correct choice.
Partial pressure of O2 in the inspired air is 156 mm Hg and that of CO2 is
- A. 0.3 mm Hg
- B. 0.5 mm Hg
- C. 140 mm Hg
- D. 46 mmHg
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Inspired air has O2 partial pressure of 156 mm Hg.
2. In alveoli, O2 is exchanged with CO2.
3. CO2 partial pressure in alveoli is lower than in inspired air.
4. Therefore, CO2 partial pressure in inspired air must be much lower.
5. Choice A (0.3 mm Hg) is the only option significantly lower than O2 pressure, making it the correct answer.
Summary:
- Choice A is correct as it reflects the lower CO2 partial pressure compared to O2.
- Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not show a significant difference in partial pressure compared to O2.
Which of the following methods of speech following laryngectomy involves a throat vibrator held against the neck that projects sound into the mouth causing words to be formed with the mouth?
- A. Tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP)
- B. Esophageal speech
- C. Artificial (electric) larynx
- D. Speech therapy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. The artificial (electric) larynx uses a throat vibrator to produce sound, enabling speech. A (TEP) involves a surgically created opening for speech. B (esophageal speech) relies on air swallowed into the esophagus. D (speech therapy) is a broader term encompassing various techniques.
A client has been diagnosed with lung cancer and requires lobectomy. How much of the lung is removed?
- A. One entire lung.
- B. A lobe of the lung.
- C. A small, localized area near the surface of the lung.
- D. One entire lung.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: A lobe of the lung. During a lobectomy, a lobe of the lung is surgically removed, typically to treat lung cancer while preserving the remaining lung tissue. Removing one entire lung (choices A and D) is not necessary for a lobectomy and would be a more extensive procedure. Choice C, removing a small localized area near the surface of the lung, does not accurately reflect the extent of tissue removal required for a lobectomy. Therefore, the correct choice is B as it specifically addresses the removal of a lobe during the surgical procedure.
During inhalation,
- A. the pressure in the thoracic cavity is greater than the pressure within the lungs.
- B. the pressure in the thoracic cavity is less than the pressure within the lungs.
- C. the diaphragm moves upward and becomes more curved.
- D. the chest cavity volume decreases.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. This decrease in pressure within the thoracic cavity creates a pressure gradient, causing air to flow into the lungs where the pressure is now higher. Choice B is correct because the pressure in the thoracic cavity is indeed less than the pressure within the lungs during inhalation. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because during inhalation, the pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases, the diaphragm moves downward and flattens, and the chest cavity volume increases to allow for air intake.