Nokea
What is the role of alveolar macrophages?
- A. to secrete pulmonary surfactant
- B. to secrete antimicrobial proteins
- C. to remove pathogens and debris
- D. to facilitate gas exchange
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: to remove pathogens and debris. Alveolar macrophages are specialized immune cells located in the lungs responsible for engulfing and clearing pathogens, debris, and foreign particles. This function helps maintain lung health and prevents infections.
Rationale:
1. Alveolar macrophages are part of the immune system and act as the first line of defense in the lungs.
2. Their primary role is phagocytosis, engulfing and destroying pathogens and debris to protect the respiratory system.
3. Secreting pulmonary surfactant (choice A) is the function of type II alveolar cells, not alveolar macrophages.
4. While alveolar macrophages can secrete some antimicrobial proteins (choice B), their main function is phagocytosis.
5. Facilitating gas exchange (choice D) is the role of the alveoli and not specifically of alveolar macrophages.
In summary,
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A male client abruptly sits up in bed, reports having difficulty breathing and has an arterial oxygen saturation of 88%. Which mode of oxygen delivery would most likely reverse the manifestations?
- A. Simple mask
- B. Non-rebreather mask
- C. Face tent
- D. Nasal cannula
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Non-rebreather mask. This device provides the highest concentration of oxygen among the choices, around 80-100%. In a client with difficulty breathing and low oxygen saturation, a high concentration of oxygen is crucial to quickly reverse hypoxemia. The non-rebreather mask ensures that the client is receiving the maximum amount of oxygen with each breath, improving oxygenation rapidly.
A: Simple mask delivers a lower concentration of oxygen and would not be sufficient for a client in distress.
C: Face tent does not provide a high concentration of oxygen and may not be effective in quickly reversing hypoxemia.
D: Nasal cannula delivers a lower concentration of oxygen compared to the non-rebreather mask and may not be enough to reverse manifestations in a client with significant difficulty breathing and low oxygen saturation.
During inhalation,
- A. the pressure in the thoracic cavity is greater than the pressure within the lungs.
- B. the pressure in the thoracic cavity is less than the pressure within the lungs.
- C. the diaphragm moves upward and becomes more curved.
- D. the chest cavity volume decreases.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. This decrease in pressure within the thoracic cavity creates a pressure gradient, causing air to flow into the lungs where the pressure is now higher. Choice B is correct because the pressure in the thoracic cavity is indeed less than the pressure within the lungs during inhalation. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because during inhalation, the pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases, the diaphragm moves downward and flattens, and the chest cavity volume increases to allow for air intake.
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
- A. solute dissolved in the plasma
- B. carbaminohemoglobin
- C. bicarbonate ions
- D. solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: bicarbonate ions. Carbon dioxide in the blood mainly combines with water to form carbonic acid, which dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. The majority of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as bicarbonate ions. This process occurs in red blood cells via the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Choices A and D are incorrect as carbon dioxide mainly combines with water and does not remain as a solute in plasma or cytoplasm. Choice B, carbaminohemoglobin, is a minor way carbon dioxide is transported, where a small amount binds to hemoglobin, but the majority is transported as bicarbonate ions.
The cartilage which are triangular pieces of hyaline cartilage and influence the position and tension of vocal cords?
- A. thyroid cartilage
- B. paired arytenoid
- C. paired comiculate
- D. cricoid cartilage
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: paired arytenoid cartilage. These cartilages are triangular and play a crucial role in adjusting the tension and position of the vocal cords, thus affecting voice pitch and quality. The thyroid cartilage (A) is a large shield-shaped cartilage, the corniculate cartilage (C) is small and horn-shaped, and the cricoid cartilage (D) is a ring-shaped cartilage. These cartilages do not directly influence the vocal cords' tension and position.
A nurse plans care for a client who is experiencing dyspnea and must stop multiple times when climbing a flight of stairs. Which intervention would the nurse include in this client's plan of care?
- A. Assistance with activities of daily living
- B. Physical therapy activities every day
- C. Oxygen therapy at 2 L per nasal cannula
- D. Complete bedrest with frequent repositioning
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Assistance with activities of daily living. This intervention helps conserve the client's energy by reducing the physical exertion required for activities like climbing stairs. It promotes independence while ensuring safety and preventing further exacerbation of dyspnea. Physical therapy activities every day (B) may be too strenuous for a client experiencing dyspnea. Oxygen therapy at 2 L per nasal cannula (C) may be necessary for severe cases but does not address the client's functional limitations. Complete bedrest with frequent repositioning (D) may lead to deconditioning and worsen the client's dyspnea.