Nokea
2,3 DPG (Diphospho glycerate) is an important molecule that competes for Oxygen binding sites of Hemoglobin. It is present in
- A. Blood Plasma
- B. Erythrocytes
- C. Leucocytes
- D. Blood of lungs
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Erythrocytes. 2,3 DPG is a molecule found inside red blood cells (erythrocytes) that helps in regulating the oxygen binding capacity of hemoglobin. It competes for oxygen binding sites and helps in the release of oxygen to tissues. Choice A (Blood Plasma) is incorrect because 2,3 DPG is not found freely circulating in the blood plasma. Choice C (Leucocytes) is incorrect as 2,3 DPG is not primarily found in white blood cells. Choice D (Blood of lungs) is incorrect as 2,3 DPG is mainly located within red blood cells and not in the blood present in the lungs.
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You are supervising a nursing student who is providing care for a thoracotomy client with a chest tube. What finding will you clearly instruct the nursing student to notify you about immediately?
- A. Chest tube drainage of 10-15 mL per hour
- B. Continuous bubbling in the water seal chamber
- C. Complaints of pain at the chest tube site
- D. Chest tube dressing dated yesterday.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Continuous bubbling in the water seal chamber indicates an air leak and potential complications. Drainage of 10-15 mL/hour (A) is normal. Pain complaints (C) and outdated dressing (D) are less urgent.
A male client abruptly sits up in bed, reports having difficulty breathing and has an arterial oxygen saturation of 88%. Which mode of oxygen delivery would most likely reverse the manifestations?
- A. Simple mask
- B. Non-rebreather mask
- C. Face tent
- D. Nasal cannula
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Non-rebreather mask. This device provides the highest concentration of oxygen among the choices, around 80-100%. In a client with difficulty breathing and low oxygen saturation, a high concentration of oxygen is crucial to quickly reverse hypoxemia. The non-rebreather mask ensures that the client is receiving the maximum amount of oxygen with each breath, improving oxygenation rapidly.
A: Simple mask delivers a lower concentration of oxygen and would not be sufficient for a client in distress.
C: Face tent does not provide a high concentration of oxygen and may not be effective in quickly reversing hypoxemia.
D: Nasal cannula delivers a lower concentration of oxygen compared to the non-rebreather mask and may not be enough to reverse manifestations in a client with significant difficulty breathing and low oxygen saturation.
Of the four parts of respiration the part when oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the capillaries lining the alveoli in the lungs is:
- A. pulmonary ventilation
- B. external respiration
- C. transport of respiratory gases
- D. internal respiration
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: external respiration. This is the part of respiration where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the capillaries lining the alveoli in the lungs. During external respiration, oxygen from the alveoli diffuses into the bloodstream while carbon dioxide from the bloodstream diffuses into the alveoli to be exhaled.
A: Pulmonary ventilation refers to the process of breathing, specifically the movement of air in and out of the lungs. This does not involve the actual exchange of gases in the alveoli.
C: Transport of respiratory gases involves the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the bloodstream to and from the tissues. This is not specifically related to the exchange of gases in the alveoli.
D: Internal respiration refers to the exchange of gases between the bloodstream and the tissues at the cellular level. This does not specifically occur in the alveoli of the lungs.
A nurse assesses clients on the medical-surgical unit. Which client is at greatest risk for development of obstructive sleep apnea?
- A. A 26-year-old woman who is 8 months pregnant.
- B. A 42-year-old man with gastroesophageal reflux disease.
- C. A 55-year-old woman who is 50 lb (23 kg) overweight.
- D. A 73-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, a 55-year-old woman who is 50 lb overweight. Obesity is a major risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) due to excess fat in the neck area that can obstruct the airway during sleep. This increases the likelihood of experiencing breathing pauses. Pregnancy (choice A) may cause temporary OSA due to hormonal changes, but it's not the greatest risk factor among the options provided. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (choice B) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (choice D) are associated with sleep disturbances, but they are not as directly linked to OSA as obesity.
If the thoracic wall but not lungs is punctured
- A. The lungs get inflated
- B. The man dies as lungs get collapsed
- C. The breathing rate decrease
- D. The breathing rate increase
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because if the thoracic wall is punctured but not the lungs, air will enter the pleural cavity causing a pneumothorax. This leads to lung collapse and can result in death due to impaired gas exchange. Choices A and C are incorrect as the lungs do not get inflated and breathing rate does not decrease. Choice D is incorrect as the breathing rate actually increases in response to the decreased lung function.